South Eastern Bantu-speaking (SEB) groups constitute more than 80% of the population in South Africa. Despite clear linguistic and geographic diversity, the genetic differences between these groups have not been systematically investigated. Based on genome-wide data of over 5000 individuals, representing eight major SEB groups, we provide strong evidence for fine-scale population structure that broadly aligns with geographic distribution and is also congruent with linguistic phylogeny (separation of Nguni, Sotho-Tswana and Tsonga speakers). Although differential Khoe-San admixture plays a key role, the structure persists after Khoe-San ancestry-masking. The timing of admixture, levels of sex-biased gene flow and population size dynamics also highlight differences in the demographic histories of individual groups. The comparisons with five Iron Age farmer genomes further support genetic continuity over ~400 years in certain regions of the country. Simulated trait genome-wide association studies further show that the observed population structure could have major implications for biomedical genomics research in South Africa.
This paper presents an internal classification of Tupí-Guaraní based on a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of lexical data from 30 Tupí-Guaraní languages and 2 non-Tupí-Guaraní Tupian languages, Awetí and Mawé. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a generalized binary cognate gain and loss model was carried out on a character table based on the binary coding of cognate sets, which were formed with attention to semantic shift. The classification shows greater internal structure than previous ones, but is congruent with them in several ways.
RESUMEN:Este artículo presenta una clasificación interna de la familia Tupí-Guaraní en base a datos léxicos de 30 lenguas tupí-guaraníes y 2 lenguas no tupí-guaraníes, awetí y mawé. Un análisis filogenético que utiliza el modelo Bayesiano de ganancia y pérdida de cognado binario generalizado se llevó a cabo en una tabla de carácteres basado en la codificación binaria de los cognados afines, que se formaron con atención al cambio semántico. La clasificación muestra una estructura interna mayor que las anteriores, pero que resulta congruente con ellas de varias maneras. PALABRAS CLAVE: Lenguas amazónicas; Tupí-Guaraní; Filogenética; Clasificación de lenguas.* Affiliations for the authors of this paper are: Chousou-Polydouri-Laboratoire Dynamique Du Langage, cnrs, Donnelly, Michael, OʼHagan-university of caLifornia, berkeLey; Meira-Museu Paraense emíLio goeLDi; Bartolomei, Wauters-inDePenDent schoLar.
Aim: As a continental island, much of the biota of New Zealand was initially thought to have been shaped by vicariance. Recent studies, however, have highlighted the role of dispersal, with some even suggesting that the entire biota is the product of dispersal events following emergence of the islands. This study focuses on the interplay between dispersal and vicariance, specifically asking whether the spider family Orsolobidae has Gondwanan origins on New Zealand.
Location:The spider family Orsolobidae was sampled from all continents where they occur (Africa, Australia, New Zealand and South America), comprising a total of 66 specimens representing the phylogenetic diversity of the family.Methods: DNA sequences were obtained from six fragments that were subsequently aligned and analysed with MRBAYES3.2 and BEAST 1.8. The phylogeny was calibrated with fossils used as node calibrations, as well as with the substitution rate of Histone H3.
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