The paper describes peculiar features of verbalization of emotions in the texts of the English and Russian online mass media covering economic and financial spheres. Some statistical data obtained from the comparative analysis of the lexis representing emotions in the English and Russian articles are given. For the purposes of the analysis, the emotive vocabulary was broken down into groups following the authors' classification. The authors thoroughly examined syntagmatic relations and functions of the names of emotions stating tendencies of their usage in economic mass media.
In its decision CAS 2011 / A / 2490, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (hereinafter - CAS) noted for the first time that there is no universal standard of proof (which, for example, is established in the WADA Code in anti-doping violation situations), although there is “consistency in this matter between sports associations is desirable”. Historically, the use of the “comfortable satisfaction” standard has dominated the resolution of disciplinary sports disputes. The strictest standard “without any reasonable doubt” (all doubts in favor of the person brought to justice) is not applied in sports, since it has the legal nature of public procedural branches of national legal systems - for example, in Russian criminal proceedings. At the same time, the refusal to raise the level of the standard of proof to “without any reasonable doubt” does not prevent the jurisdictional body of the federation, CAS from recognizing the court's verdict as evidence, albeit without prejudice. At the same time, in our opinion, such a position is relevant if the denial of the prejudicial significance of national decisions also makes it impossible to confer exclusivity on a sentence, a court ruling as evidence of the charge. In many of the disputes we examined federations had access to investigations by national law enforcements and sometimes to judicial decisions. Such materials, decisions for evidence purposes were provided by the national federations while resolving disputes in the jurisdictional bodies of international sports federations and CAS. With such a status quo, is it possible to speak about the lack of the necessary powers and resources? Formally, yes, because, firstly, it is necessary to gain access to evidence, which is due to the specifics of the legislative system of a particular state and may not be provided, and secondly, the evidence was not collected and evaluated by the bodies of sports federations, the latter use the results of investigative measures and law enforcement activities of state bodies. On the other hand, when the international sports federations and the CAS had at their disposal criminal investigations and decisions of national courts, as well as the jurisdiction of national federations, the evidence was considered as “comfortable satisfaction”. For law enforcement investigations and criminal court verdicts, reference can be made to the higher “without any reasonable doubt” standard of proof, which involves the use of the decisions and evidence presented in it in favor of the manipulation charge in resolving disciplinary disputes at a softer standard. A similar rationale can be extended to decisions of the jurisdictional bodies of national sports federations if they are based on the results of law enforcement investigations and / or court decisions. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
Amyands hernia, an inguinal hernia that contains the appendix within the hernia sac, is a rare condition in surgical, and even more so in urological practice. It is difficult to diagnose due to its low frequency, anatomical atypicality and urgency. There are no review publications on this issue, and those that are available are mainly descriptions of individual cases. In this article an attempt was made to highlight the largest possible number of clinical observations that reflect the urological aspects of the problem and present them in a systematic manner. Aim to analyze the available publications covering the urological aspects of Amyands hernia. The literature review was carried out on the basis of publications covering the urological aspects of Amyands hernia in adults and children, published in PubMed databases and Scientific Electronic Library eLibrary.ru. The search was carried out by the following keywords: Amyands hernia, acute scrotum, inflammatory diseases of the scrotum, Fourniers phlegmon, scrotal fistula (in Russian and English). Taking into account the rarity of the analyzed problem, the analysis includes publications for the last 15 years. 189 publications related to the topic of the review were identified. 38 publications of the greatest scientific and practical interest were selected directly for citation in the review. The maximum number of available publications reflecting the urological aspects of Amyands hernia has been analyzed, and an attempt has been made to systematize them clinically. The variety of clinical manifestations caused by Amyands hernia is commonly referred to in the English literature as Amyands hernia syndrome. We have identified the following variants of the clinical course: scrotal fistula a casuistic variant described in detail only by C. Amyand; picture of the acute scrotum syndrome the most frequent variant of the clinical course of Amyands hernia with scrotal manifestations is noted mainly in childhood, however, it can also occur in adults in all age groups; phlegmon of the scrotum, phlegmon of Fournier an extremely rare variant of the clinical course with scrotal manifestations, publications on this subject are rare. Amyands hernia being a rare surgical problem in both children and adults, has a number of urological masks, causing diagnostic difficulties and is of some interest to the urologists.
Though Russian legal science discusses the need to introduce standards of proof in procedural branches of law, different branches of Russian procedural law (civil procedure, sports disputes procedure, criminal procedure) do not directly refer to the standards of proof used. However, this does not mean that this procedural law ignores the doctrine of standard of proof. For the constitution of standards of proof used is either the (1) indirect normative indication of the standard or (2) exemplary decisions of higher courts, sports arbitration. It is necessary to move from indirect, actual use in favor of normatively fixed and defined standard at the level of relevant legal acts. However, there is also a formal obstacle. At all branches of Russian procedural law, the judge (arbitrator) has the right to evaluate evidence freely, according to his inner conviction. This postulate is a twoway street; proving in many ways becomes a subjective procedure with an often not very obvious result for the parties to the dispute. There is also no uniformity within the framework of the procedural branches, which are identical in their legal nature. The branches of civil procedure and sports disputes procedure are private law, but in fact the standards of proof used in them are different. Criminal procedure, as a public branch of legal procedure, uses the strictest standard of beyond reasonable doubt in the trial itself, but resorts to a different standard for resolving issues
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