Background: Ammoides verticillata Briq belonging to the family Apiaceae is widely used in traditional medicine to prevent and cure various diseases. Plant is used to treat many diseases, including respiratory problems, colds, fever, migraine, trouble gastric and renal infections. As part of our research program on natural compounds with biological properties, the objective of this study was to determine for the first time the antifungal and insecticidal activities of essential oil of Ammoides verticillata. Methods: Essential oil was isolated from aerial parts using a Clevenger type apparatus. The chemical composition of essential oil was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antifungal activity of the essential oils was investigated against five plant fungi. The fumigation toxicity of essential oil was evaluated against L3 stage, pupae and adults of Bactrocera oleae better known as the olive fly. Results: The essential oil of A. verticillata was characterized principal by carvacrol (44,3%), limonene (19,3%) and p-cymene (19,2%). Essential oil of A. verticillata has a fairly representative antifungal activity with values exceeding 50% and this with minimal doses not exceeding 0.5 mL/L. The oil exhibited insecticidal activity at lowest concentrations (12 µL/L air) against B. oleae with percentages of mortality from 80 to 100% for L3 stage, pupae and adults, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that essential oil of A. verticillata is a good source of aromatic compounds as carvacrol. The essential oil presented high antifungal and insecticidal properties and so could be used as biocidal agent.
Background: Mentha species are commonly used in traditional medicine for their several pharmacological properties. Mentha species are also used as spice and are known for their bactericidal, antiviral and fungicidal properties. Objectives: The main objective of this work was to evaluate the antifungal activity and fumigation toxicity of essential oils of Mentha spicata, M. pulegium, M. piperita and M. rotundifulias against fungi and Bactrocera oleae insect responsible for olive rot. Methods: Essential oils of the four Mentha species were extracted by a Clevenger-type apparatus. Their antifungal activity was tested using radial growth technique, and their insecticidal activity was examined by fumigant test. Results: Oxygenated monoterpenes were the main components of the four Mentha essential oils. All the essential oils presented antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Alternaria spp. and Penicillium spp. At the highest concentration (15 µL/mL air), essential oil of M. pulegium caused 100% mortality after 1.5 h of exposure. However, for M. piperita and M. rotundifulia essential oils, 25 µL/mL air was required to have mortality of 100%. Conclusions: The essential oils could act as antifungal agents and fumigants against B. oleae.
Background: Atractylis gummifera is a cosmopolitan species that is particularly abundant in the Mediterranean regions. It has been used to treat many diseases, including intestinal parasites, ulcers, snakebite poisoning, hydrops and drowsiness. As part of our research program on natural compounds with biological activities, the objective of this study was to determine for the first time the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of Atractylis gummifera during beginning of the vegetative cycle (March), beginning of the flowering stage (April) and full bloom (May/June). Methods: The essential oils were obtained by means of hydrodistillation and its components were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant properties were evaluated using two different methods i) Radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and ii) β-carotene bleaching assay. Whereas, the antifungal activity of the essential oils was investigated against five plant fungi. The fumigation toxicity of essential oils was evaluated against adults of Bactrocera oleae better known as the olive fly. Results: The essential oil produced from the plant taken at the beginning of the vegetative cycle (March) had a high level of non-terpenic aliphatic compounds. On the other hand, the essential oil obtained during the period from the beginning of the flowering stage (April) showed that its proportion of non-terpene compounds decreased and that of sesquiterpene compounds increased. Finally, the essential oils obtained during the period from full bloom (May/June) consisted mainly of acetylene compounds such as carlina oxide and 13-methoxy carlina oxide. The results showed that essential oils from plants at full bloom presented interesting antioxidant and antifungal properties, while essential oil produced from plants at the beginning of the vegetative cycle (Mars) and at the beginning of the flowering stage (April) had better insecticidal activity. Conclusion: The data presented here constitutes new findings in the field of the chemical characterization and biological potential of A. gummifera.
Thymus capitatus and Tetraclinis articulata essential oils as well their major components (carvacrol and α-pinene) were evaluated for their antifungal and insecticidal activities. Both oils showed good in vitro antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Alternaria alternata, and Botrytis cinerea, the fungi causing tomato rot. In vivo results indicate the efficacies of both essential oils and carvacrol of reduce postharvest fungal pathogens, such as B. cinerea and Al. alternata that are responsible of black and gray rot of tomato fruit. Disease incidence of Al. alternata and B. cinerea decreased on average from 55% to 80% with essential oil of Th. capitatus and pure carcvacrol, while Te. articulata essential oil exhibited inhibition of fungal growth of 55% and 25% against Al. alternata and B. cinerea, respectively, with concentration of 0.4 μl/l air. The insecticidal activity of Th. capitatus and Te. articulata essential oils exhibited also a good insecticidal activity. At the concentration of 0.2 μl/ml air, the oils caused mortality over 80% for all larval stages of Tuta absoluta and 100% mortality for the first-instar after 1.5 h only of exposure. α-Pinene presented lower insecticidal and antifungal activities compared to essential oils of Th. capitatus, Te. articulata and pure carvacrol. Thus, these essential oils can be used as a potential source to develop control agents to manage some of the main pests and fungal diseases of tomato crops.
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