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Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and rpoB spacer simultaneously was able to do identification of Acinetobacter spp. to species level. A.baumannii was identified as the most prevalent species with high antibiotic resistance. Other species showed lower frequencies ranged from 4 to 9 strains.

Traditionally Nocardia asteroides was considered the predominant species of causing nocardiosis. The improved identification of isolates using molecular techniques have shown that the genus exhibits considerable taxonomic complexity and phenotypic base identification can be ambiguous. The aim of this study was to assess the species distribution of Nocardia strains mostly recovered from patients suspected of having tuberculosis, during three years period (2009-2012). The clinical isolates were identified to species level using conventional tests and genotypic methods using single and multi locus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 16S rRNA, gyrB and secA1 genes. Nocardiosis was diagnosed in 46 patients. The most frequent underlying condition were organ transplantation (6 patients; 13%), cancer (6 patients; 13%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (6 patients; 13%), non-infectious chronic lung disease (5 patients; 10.8%) and tuberculosis (4 patients; 8.7%). Nocardia species was recovered from 46 different clinical specimens, the most common of which was bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (43.5%). Eleven different Nocardia species were identified: N. asteroides (n = 12), N. cyriacigeorgica (n = 9), N. farcinica (n = 7), N. wallacei (n = 6), N. carnea (n = 3), N. otitidiscaviarum (n = 3), N. abscessus (n = 1), N. arthritidis (n = 1), N. kruczakiae (n = 1), N. nova (n = 2) and N. veterana (n = 1). In conclusion, infection caused by Nocardia species appears to be more common than generally appreciated. The current study provides further evidence that Nocardia species are capable of causing a wide range of human diseases in healthy and immunocompromised patients. MLSA is a reliable method for accurate species identification of Nocardia * The GenBank accession numbers of investigated clinical isolates of Nocardia determined in this work are as follows: KC262083-KC262128, KC262130-KC262175 and KC296657-KC296702 for the 16S rRNA, gyrB and secA1, respectively. # Corresponding author.A. Hashemi-Shahraki et al. 848isolates and would be more feasible for routine use in clinical laboratories.

Background: Detection of dermatophytes by microbiological method is sometimes problematic and some atypical microscopic or macroscopic morphology are non-detectable. Due to morphological similarity and existing intermediate forms and variants, unequivocally separating these dermatophytes is not always straightforward, and sampling appropriate isolates for research is often troublesome. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate use of sequencing chitin synthase 1 gene (CHS1) with conventional methods for identifi cation of dermatophytes species and we researched the genetic patterns of samples collected for general phylogenetic analysis. Material and Method:In the primary screening of 250 clinical samples by KOH microscopy method, 64 isolates has been detected as dermatophytes. All samples were cultured and amplifi ed by PCR Method and positive PCR samples have been sequenced. Clinical isolates (64/250) were analyzed by using sequencing gene CHS1 and genotyped by program DNAMAN and MEGA. Result:The all data were compared with the international database of national center for biotechnology information website. Based on reference sequences of different genotype strains, it was noted that most strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes were misidentifi cations of Trichophyton interdigitale. Conclusion:This research demonstrated that nested PCR and sequencing can be considered as standard method for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Also research gives a fi rst result on genetic evolution of the Dermatophytes strains distributing in Iran. It may aid in the creation of a national database that will be a valuable support for further studies.

A common intramacrophage niche for leishmanial and mycobacterial pathogens, and a similar spectrum of immune response and disease phenotypes, led to the prediction that the same genes/candidate gene regions might be responsible for genetic susceptibility to mycobacterial infections. There are several reports of atypical cutaneous presentation of leishmaniasis such as paronychial, whitlow, lid, scar, palmoplantar and chancriform in immunocompetent patients. Numerous Leishmania organisms were observed within the histiocytes and extracellular in patient suffering from swelling, pain and itching. An unknown strain of mycobacterium was also isolated from biopsy specimen of the patient. Phenotypic and molecular tests carried out for identification of the strain based on standard methods. The susceptibility of the strain to anti-mycobacterial agents was performed by CDC standard Method. Numerous Leishmania organisms were observed within the histiocytes and extracellular space. PCR amplifications tests for detection of leishmania have been positive. Acid-fast staining and culture tests have been positive. PCR amplifications tests for detection of M. tuberculosis and M. avium have been negative. Phenotypic tests mainly including, positive result for growth at 25°C and 37ºC and PNB test,