Countries with a large agricultural sector have enormous potential for energy production using biogas technology. This paper analyses the situation in Pakistan as a representative example. Although many biogas plants were installed, only very slow growth in the biogas sector can be observed. Since the last three decades the country is facing a severe energy shortfall. To overcome this challenge, energy from organic waste is one of the best possible solution. This study reviews the key technical challenges associated with the operation and sustainability of biogas plants. The problems in basic infrastructure such as leakages due to gas pressure, inadequate removal of digestate, no mechanism for scum avoidance, and steel corrosion were identified, and solutions were proposed. Moreover, organizational structures for renewable energy, critical flaws in plant design, operational challenges, and updated technology aspects to attain maximum and sustainable growth in biogas sector are discussed, which could help the countries in the region to enhance their biogas production.

The aim of this study is to investigate the ongoing energy management and energy efficiency practices in the industries of Peshawar division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The outcomes of this research shows that Khazana Sugar Mills, Caliph Pharmaceutical, Naguman Flour Mill have no or low awareness of energy management practices (awareness level mainly includes barriers to energy efficiency and drivers for energy efficiency) except FF steel mill. The major paces observed in lacking the awareness are (1) “understanding level of staff and workers about energy savings due to energy management practices” (2) “interest level of top managers for energy management implementation” (3) “awareness level regarding energy efficiency” (4) “lack of technical competence” (5) “use of standardized procedures”. When the industry managers were inquired about the relationship with energy service providers it is found that there is absolute absence of energy engineers, relationship with energy consultancies and long-term energy strategy in all the industries. It was also found that there is lack of using renewable energy technologies in all industries as they were relying upon using the generators during the blackout hours. In terms of percentage, the energy saving factor of 36 kWh/day has also observed with the replacement of fluorescent tube lights with light emitting diode (LED) tube lights. Proper maintenance and energy management practices in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) would also save energy in a significant amount. The study shows that there is an overall improvement factor of 4% to 8% if the inclusion of energy management and energy efficiency practices would have been applied in all the stated industries.

Energy Management at household level is multifaceted issue due to factors involving gender, education and awareness to energy usage. This study was conducted in Peshawar city, Pakistan which is capital city of the province and densely populated. This study identifies the role of women in energy management at household level keeping in view household’s characteristics in an underdeveloped country. The key factors included were (1) education and job status (2) characteristics of nuclear and joint family system (3) energy consumption pattern of the households and (4) awareness of energy management and its implementation amongst the females in the household. One-way ANOVA test shows that women spend more than three hours while utilizing energy appliances. In addition, awareness of high billing cost per unit, electricity consumption during peak hours’ unit, idea of renewable energy sources and their use cum awareness level was found to be extremely low. The results show that the education of husband and wife is indistinguishable and the females are the major decision makers in carrying the household chores. Males are the sole bread winners of the house and majority of the females are housewives despite of attaining higher education. Despite the fact that women are aware of household energy management, there is still a need for full implementation and awareness among women in the household. Lastly, trend of nuclear family system is making pace in the Pakistan and energy management and utility bills are handled independently. The results can be used for policy making in developing countries.

Pakistan is an energy stressed nation and is currently facing shortfall of power output around 6500 MW and is among those countries which are mostly affected from climatic changes in the past ten past years i.e. from 1998 to 2017. To cater the aforementioned energy and environmental concerns, this research study is fabricated to (1) figure out the awareness level of females in regards to energy management (2) women behavior towards utilization of renewable energy resources in the households (3) females response to the changing energy conditions as a result of power outages in the household setting and (4) energy management strategies conducted at the households. The scope of the study is Peshawar district, Pakistan. To investigate the queries discussed above, a research questionnaire with a random sample of (n=121) is devised and analysed. Major conclusions drawn from this survey are (1) About (54.5%) of women are aware of energy savings by doing proper management (2) Females are also wise in decision making at households. (3) About (55.3%) of the womens are aware of peak hours unit and (48.4%) of females are aware of hours of electricity and gas load shedding and in lieu of waiting for electricity and gas recovery, women know how to manage routine chores but yet 52.6% gap leaves a pace for policy makers to integrate social and behavioral aspects of energy consumers and move toward energy efficient and sustainable solutions of energy management at residential sector.

Daily energy expenditure includes resting metabolism (RMR), endogenous thermogenesis (or thermal effects of food), and energy expenditure associated with exercise. RMR depends on body weight, age, gender, genetic factors, medications used and health status. Every living organism is affected by external factors. Fluctuations in magnetic fields can affect almost every biological system more or less, depending on the characteristics of the particular biological system and magnetic fluctuations. Environmental energy phenomena affect psychophysical processes that can affect people in a variety of ways, depending on their sensitivity, health status, and ability to self-regulate. The aim of this study: to investigate the correlations between basal metabolic rate in humans with different age, gender, BMI and local Earth magnetic field activity. Information on gas metabolism during respiration was obtained by indirect calorimetry where the gas flow was continuously analysed. O2 consumption and CO2 emissions were continuously analysed. The best quality 5 min section was selected from the 15 min recording (automatically selected by the computer). The results were analysed and mean resting metabolic rate (M_RMR) was calculated. Investigations of metabolic rate were performed in Lithuanian, Druskininkai, Medical SPA Center ,,UPA". Power of spectral density of Local Geo Magnetic field (LGMF) was calculated in 0.32 to 36 Hz frequency range from the Lithuanian (GCI003) magnetometer for East -West direction (E-W). 395 persons were investigated: 116 men and 279 women. All participants were divided into two groups according gender. Women and men groups were divided again into two groups according mean age, the mean was 46 years. Was analysed correlations in women younger (≤ 46 years) and older (> 46 years) groups and the same for men younger (≤ 46 years) and older (> 46 years) groups. On the next step all women and all men, then younger women group, older women group, younger men group and older men group was divided according BMI mean (29), with less than ≤ 29 BMI and with more than > 29 BMI. On the basis of obtained results, we can conclude, that correlations between LGMF and basal metabolic rate features are negative. More expressed negative correlations are seen in persons with smaller BMI. With age negative correlations with LGMF decrease in men group and increase in women group. Sensitivity of persons of different gender to LGMFdiffer.