Menstruation - called haid in Islamic fiqh, is not seen as merely physical, biological function of women's bodies. According to most traditional societies, this very exclusive women's experience is apparently perceived to be a symbol signifying specific meaning and myth. Unsurprisingly almost all societies have conceptualized what so called menstrual taboo in an anthropological tradition within their cultural systems. One of the major implications of these ideas of menstrual taboos is the emergence of devices signifying the event of menstruation, such as cosmetics, high heel footwear, and jilbab. Another significant impact is the restriction of women's social role and engagement. This article is addressing these two mythical and social implications of menstrual taboos and compare them with Islamic doctrines of haid.
This study discusses the teaching-learning process seen from the humanistic education theory from Carl Ransom Rogers at Asmaul Husna Learning Park, South Jakarta. This paper focuses on the educational perspective's operation through fun learning techniques, integrated learning, and thematic learning. In this paper, the data sources are obtained through field observations and structured interviews from January to July 2019 using the case study method. Through the humanistic educational theory approach, this educational study is the importance of understanding the character and potential of early childhood to optimally develop children intellectual, emotional, and spiritual intelligence. Although sometimes some students are disobedient or lazy to take part in learning, teachers and institutional managers anticipate this by presenting information about child development. Even to a certain extent, the institution also includes parents to participate in learning activities together. Here is also the importance of a teacher's creativity in communicating, choosing parenting styles, and various other stimulations when carrying out the teaching and learning process in class and outside the classroom. Without teachers' creativity in teaching and learning, the improvement and enhancement of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects will not be optimal. An educational perspective places the humanization aspect as the basis for transferring knowledge, transferring human values, and transferring happiness.
This study aims to determine the affirmation of tolerance in a plural society through the competence of religious instructors in serving the people. The result of this research is that the competence of religious instructors in serving the people towards a tolerant religious life already has the correct perception and understanding of religious teachings and norms in building insight into plurality and multi-ethnicity. Along the way, the religions that emerged in a multicultural society were then understood by the people. Among them, there are those who understand it rationally an sich and some who understand it irrationally or mystically. Tolerance is needed to create balance and social cohesion in a multicultural society. To create a proportional attitude of religious tolerance in a multicultural society, it is necessary to cultivate an epoché attitude in serving the people.
Polygamy, which was practiced without limitations in the past, had been restricted to four wives after the arrival of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. However, some scholars have different views on this issue, supposedly influenced by the literal and cultural background of patriarchal tradition on treating women as the object of polygamy. This article attempts to examine the construction of patriarchal interpretation in a gender-biased interpretation, its factors and its implications. This study adopts a qualitative approach and employs a content analysis approach. Interviews with relevant scholars are also used to explore in-depth information regarding this subject. The object of research is based on a full set (30 juz/chapters) of 11 books of tafsir written in Indonesia. These books are Tafsir Al-Furqan, Tafsir Quran, Adz-Dzikra: Terjemah dan Tafsir al-Quran, Al-Quran dan Terjemahnya, Tafsir Quran Karim, Tafsir al-Azhar, Tafsir Rahmat, Tafsir al-Quran al-Majid an-Nur, Tafsir al-Mishbah, Al-Quran and its Exegesis of the Department of Religion, and Tafsir al-Hijri. This study found that women have been exploited through polygamy practices. Our findings show that biased gender interpretation, especially because of the patriarchal mindset, brought a greater impact on the Quranic interpretation. This study suggested that reinterpretation towards Quranic verses particularly dealing with gender issues needs to be strengthened in accordance with justice and humanistic values.Contribution: This article offered two approaches for the study of the Quran in order to establish gender equality and justice in marriage practice. Firstly, the adaptive and humanistic interpretations of the Quran need to be strengthened and should raise common consciousness in Muslim society. Secondly, there is a need to study the Quran in an integrative, holistic and hermeneutical understanding of the Quranic text. This method can explore the deepest meaning of the Quran so it can rise gender-sensitive, humanist and moderate interpretations.
This paper scrutinizes some gender biases residing in Scriptural exegesis—especially Qur'ānic interpretations—that exist and grow in Muslim societies. Most Muslims believe that the existing Qur'ānic exegesis is taken for granted, so it cannot be examined any more. As a matter of fact, an interpretation is man-made, which is not eternal. An interpretation is a product of an exegete. Therefore, Muslims actually can create many approaches to understanding the Qur'ān. However, this does not imply that the methodological approach utilized here is solely suitable for the Qur'ān. Perhaps, other Scriptures and religions can benefit from this approach. And when we talk about Scripture, we cannot avoid relating it to other subjects such as religion, culture, norms, values, language and so on. Since the Scripture is a part of religion, then the religion also becomes subject to examination. However, this study will only focus on the Scriptural exegesis, while the topic of religion will be used only when it is necessary.
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