A new biopreparation is developed to clean soils from oil pollution in the arid climate of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The biopreparation includes bacterial strains R. qingshengii F2-1, R. qingshengii F2-2, and P. alloputida BS3701. When using the biopreparation in a liquid mineral medium with 15% crude oil, laboratory studies have revealed degradation of 48% n-alkanes and 39% of PAHs after 50 days. The effectiveness of the biopreparation has been demonstrated in field experiments in the soil contaminated with 10% crude oil at the K-Kurylys landfill, Republic of Kazakhstan. During the six-month field experiment, the number of oil degraders reached 107 CFU/g soil, which degraded 70% of crude oil by the end of the experiment.
The purpose of the article is to study whether it is possible to clean soils from oil and petroleum products using bacterial strains. Experimental samples of biological products were cultured in Erlenmeyer flasks in Evans mineral medium in the presence of 15% oil (volume/volume) at a temperature of 24°C for 50 days. For 6 weeks of the experiment, the loss of oil in the area with the test sample of the biopreparation was 70%. The association can be used in saline (up to 8% salt) soils in the pH range 4-9, and at low soil humidity (about 10%).
The article presents the results of gas chromatographic studies of the oil sludge hydrocarbon composition, physical and chemical and heat-producing properties, which enabled to assess the potential of oil sludge as raw materials, their assortment predisposition and possible manufacturability. It has been established that the main physical and chemical characteristics of the organic part from the averaged samples of oil sludge are similar in properties to raw materials for the production of kerosene-diesel fractions. The expediency of the use of oil sludge and weakly bloating clay materials in the production technology of the popular construction material – expanded clay is substantiated. The results of experimental studies on the development of light and porous heat insulating material by granulation method are presented herein. It is shown that oil sludge from a high viscous state is transferred to a loose conglomerate with a moisture content of 12–15% by co-mixing with finely dispersed sand dune, which ensures uniform distribution when mixed with the basic mass. The peculiarities of granules burning according to a specially developed mode without preliminary drying are considered. It has been established that the addition of oil sludge increases the organic content in the mixture, thereby intensifying the process of combustion, gas generation and bloating of the ceramic body, which will positively affect the technological parameters of obtaining а product. It is found that the proposed technology allows to obtain marketable products, which can be used efficiently. At the same time, the unconditional priority is given to waste-free technologies, as the most environmentally friendly.
The article presents the results of gas chromatographic analysis method of the organic part of oil bituminous rock and the results from the analysis of the molecular weight distribution of atactic polypropylene carried out using reverse gel-permeation chromatography. The research results of the structural and mechanical properties of the bitumen part of oil bituminous rock (OBR) of the Iman-Kara deposit, atactic polypropylene (APP) and compositions based on them, carried out on the instrument Reotest 2.1, are also presented herein. It has been determined that the organic part of OBR of the Iman-Kara deposit mainly consists of oxygen-containing organic compounds with additions of heteroatomic structures (sulfur, haloids and nitrogen) with a weight fraction of 53.97%. According to the chromatogram of the molecularly-mass distributed atactic polypropylene, it is found that the average time of fraction maximum yield is 11.4 minutes, the corresponding value of logarithm of the average molecular weight Lg(M) equals to 5.5. Accordingly, the average molecular weight of fraction M is 400. The change patterns of the rheological properties of the organic part of OBR, atactic polypropylene and compositions based on them are described. It has been established that the addition of APP to the organic part of OBR creates a disperse system in which the particles of a polymer additive that are swollen due to oily components are dispersed in the bitumen medium. At the same time, mechanical properties such as elasticity and heat resistance of the organic part of oil bituminous rock are improved. These properties can be shown only with the optimum quantity of APP, when their concentration is such that they form an uninterrupted net structure. The influence patterns of APP on the structure of the organic part of OBR defined in the process of experiments can also be used in further experiments during development of various types of waterproofing materials and coatings.
The problem of eliminating petroleum pollution and its consequences is currently very relevant for Kazakhstan, which is among the ten largest oil-producing countries. The specifics of natural conditions—the sharply continental arid climate—necessitate the development and application of adequate technologies for the restoration of oil-contaminated territories and the Caspian seashore. The key factors (temperature, moisture, alkalinity, salinity, low mineral and organic matter content) affect the self-purification processes and microbiological status of oil-contaminated soils of Kazakhstan. The assessment of taxonomic diversity and characteristics of oil-degrading microorganisms isolated from samples of soils and reservoirs contaminated with hydrocarbons are given. The review of biopreparations and biotechnologies developed and used in Kazakhstan for cleaning environments from oil pollution is made, and their effectiveness is shown. The analysis of the current state of research in the field of biodegradation of hazardous pollutants and bioremediation of oil-contaminated areas allows us to identify promising areas of further work and approaches to the development and improvement of technologies for environmental protection.
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