Background: This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplements containing green tea, capsaicin and ginger extracts on weight loss and metabolic profiles among overweight women. Methods: This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was implemented among 50 overweight women. Participants were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A received dietary supplements containing 125 mg green tea, 25 mg capsaicin and 50 mg ginger extracts (n = 25) group B received placebos (n = 25) twice with lunch and twice with dinner daily for 8 weeks. Results: Compared with placebo, taking dietary supplements containing green tea, capsaicin and ginger resulted in a significant decrease in weight (-1.8 ± 1.5 vs. +0.4 ± 1.2 kg, respectively, p < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI; -0.7 ± 0.5 vs. +0.1 ± 0.5 kg/m2, respectively, p < 0.001). In addition, subjects who received green tea, capsaicin and ginger co-supplements had significantly decreased serum insulin concentrations (-2.6 ± 3.9 vs. -0.6 ± 2.0 µIU/mL, p = 0.02), homeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance (-0.5 ± 0.8 vs. -0.05 ± 0.6, p = 0.01), and increased quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0.01 ± 0.01 vs. +0.001 ± 0.01, p = 0.008) and plasma glutathione (GSH) levels (+73.8 ± 120.6 vs. -28.3 ± 193.4 µmol/L, p = 0.03) compared with the placebo. Conclusions: Our study indicated that taking green tea, capsaicin and ginger co-supplements for 8 weeks among overweight women had beneficial effects on weight, BMI, markers of insulin metabolism and plasma GSH levels.
Chemical compositions of hydrodistilled essential oil from flowering aerial parts of Chenopodium botrys L. were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Antimicrobial activity of essential oil was screened against different kinds of microorganisms by disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assays. Forty-three components were identified accounted for over 98 % of the total oil. 2,3-dehydro-4-oxo-β-lonone (22.4 %), (+)-7-epi-amiteol (11.5 %) were found as the major components of the oil. The essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus saprophyticus followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium. The oil had slight effect on Candida albicans and showed inhibitory effect on Aspergillus species and Bacillus subtilis.Introduction: Nowadays, the use of medicinal plants has become popular as alternatives for treatment of infectious diseases and as functional ingredients in food and drinks because of increasing concern about potentially harmful traditional antibiotics and synthetic additives.Chenopodium botrys L. is a member of Chenopodiaceae family which is known as Jerusalem oak 1 . Whole organs of plant have aromatic odors. In Iranian traditional medicines, the flowering aerial parts of C. botrys has long been used as expectorant, antiasthmatic, anticatarrh, anticonvulsant agent and as tonic 2 . In many cases, C. botrys is used instead of lavenders to keep away moths 3 .Chemical compositions of C. botrys essential oil have been reported by other researchers 3-7 . C. botrys essential oil from Greece contained elemol acetate (16.3 %), elemol (14.1 %), botrydiol (11.1 %), α-chenopodiol (9.5 %), β-eudesmol (7.0 %) and selina-3-11-dien-6 α-ol (6.1 %) 3 ; from two different localities of Iran; juniper camphor (16.5 and 25.7 %), elemol (14.3 % and 13.4 %) and αcadinol (8.2 % and 11.6 %) 4 , from Saudi Arabia; αand β-eudesmol 6 , from North America; αchenopodiol, β-chenopodiol, eudesma 3,11-dien-6α-ol 7 were as the major components of the oil. Other research from Iran revealed the presence of γ-terpineol (52.8 %), p-cymene (19.0 %) and isoascaridole (7.0 %) as the main components of the oil 5 .There are some studies on antimicrobial activity of C. botrys essential oil 3,8 . The oil has not Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants
For the first time, an effort was made to study potential effects of leaf and stem explants of three genotypes of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (i.e., G1, G2, and G3) for hairy root induction via applying four strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (i.e., LBA 9402, A4, and ATTC 15834) and A. tumefaciens (i.e., C58C1). Furthermore, to improve withaferin A production, the superior treatment was subjected to elicitation with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (alone or in combination) after 48 h exposure time. Among 24 treatments resulted from multiplying three main factors, the superiority of “G3/ATCC/LEAF” treatment was verified in terms of “induction rate” and “number of induced roots” alongside “growth curve”, and utilized subsequently for elicitation assay. The highest amounts of withaferin A were quantified for both hairy root sample groups of “0.5 mM β-CD + 100 µM MeJA” (9.57 mg/g DW) and “5.0 mM β-CD + 100 µM MeJA” (17.45 mg/g DW), with the fold change values of 6.84-fold and 12.46-fold compared to control, respectively. Similarly, either individual or simultaneous applications of both elicitors, apart from some fluctuations, could overall boost transcript magnitudes of the four selected genes of HMGR, SQS, SMT-1, and SDS/CYP710A involved in withanolides biosynthetic pathway as compared with control. The results, altogether, demonstrated the superiority of leaf explant and Agropine-type strain of ATCC 15834 for hairy root induction, followed by synergistic effect of exogenous application of both MeJA and β-CD on the in vitro production of withaferin A, and possibly other types of withanolides in the hairy root culture of W. somnifera.
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