For any river, besides the importance of stage – discharge relationship (rating curve), a stage-discharge- distance relationship is of more significance. The accurate estimation of both relationships along a river reach is considered a key point for various applications of water resources engineering such as operation and management of water resources projects, designing of hydraulic structures, and sediment analysis. In this paper, both relationships were established for the Shatt Al – Hillah river reach by applying multiple linear regression and simple linear regression using least square method for determining regression equations. Twelve gauging stations including three primary and nine secondary stations were considered for this method. Moreover, for evaluating the performance of both regressions, statistical measures such as coefficient of determination, root mean square error, mean square error, and Thiel's factor were used. The study results generally indicate a superior performance of both modeling techniques. MLR model was able to predict and mimic the stage-discharge-distance relationship with a coefficient correlation of about 0.932, while SLR model was able to predict three rating curves for the three primary stations with coefficient correlation of about 0.960, 0.943, and 0.924 respectively.
When designing dam spillway structures, the most significant consideration is the energy dissipation arrangements. Different varieties of baffle blocks and stilling basins have been used in this context. However, the hydraulic jump form of stilling basin is considered to be the most suitable. The main objective of this research was to introduce four different baffle block shapes (models arranged from A to D, installed at slopes 0.00, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 in the stilling basins). To illustrate the consequences for the qualities of pressure-driven bounce, each model was attempted in the bowl. The trials applied Froude numbers between 6.5 and 9.2. The puzzle square model D provided the best outcomes compared to the models A, B, C and smooth. Model D with different models at inclines 0.00, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 was used to consider the impacts of perplex hinders on water driven-bounce when bed slants were changed. When the model D baffle used instead of a smooth bed at 0.08 slope, the reduction in y2 / y1 reached 12.8%, and Lj / y1 was 18.9%. Among the different bed slopes, a normal decrease in y2 / y1 ranged from approximately 10.3%, whereas the normal decrease in Lj / y1 was about 13.8% when the model D baffle was used instead of the model A baffle with a horizontal slope bed of 0.00. The results show that the new shapes led to a decrease in sequent profundity proportion and length of jump proportion; however, the energy dissipation proportion increased.
The scarcity of water resources in arid areas, as well as the impact of agricultural and human activities on groundwater quantity and quality, need a greater emphasis on these resource quality evaluations. In this study, the groundwater quality in the governorate of Al-Najaf was investigated using geostatistical methods based on the kriging interpolation approach to interpolate values in regions where real data was not available, also groundwater samples were evaluated based on a variety of qualitative parameters. Linear Gaussian, exponential, stable, and quadratic were the semivariogram models the study examined, and archGIS software was extensively utilized to map the investigated data. The study concluded that the groundwater in this area is unsuitable neither for drinking purposes nor in most of the industries according to the Iraqi specifications. Wilcox and United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagrams were used to analyse the accessible water wells in the area. The diagrams depicted that 95.8 percent of the available well water in the research region is unsuitable for irrigation due to the extremely high salinity and continued application of such water may result in the development of salt soils. Spatial examination of groundwater revealed serious problems with almost all groundwater parameters in terms of water appropriateness for drinking, irrigation, and other purposes.
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