Using a semi-spontaneous speech corpus, we present evidence from computational modelling of tonal productions from Mandarin-speaking children (4- to 11-years old) and adults, showing that children exceed the adult-level tonal distinction at the age of 7 to 8 years using F0 cues, but do not reach the high adult-level distinction using spectral cues even at the age of 10 to 11 years. The difference in the developmental curves of F0 and spectral cues suggests that, in Mandarin tone production, secondary cues continue to develop even after the mastery of primary cues.
Confronted with the technological changes and corporate restructuring that is eroding job security for all workers, the once booming economy of Silicon Valley is now undergoing severe growing pains. Moreover, the much vaunted information technology industry is producing a dual economy of high‐wage and low‐wage jobs. Now, with the bursting of the dot.com industry, workers in all sectors are confronting layoffs and lower expectations. In both boom and bust periods, the South Bay American Federation of Labor‐Congress of Industrial Organizations Labor Council has made a tremendous turnaround, made has innovative responses to the “new economy,” and has expanded its capacity to take on issues important to workers and unions. The article offers a detailed account of the labor council's program and explores the environmental and historical context surrounding the revitalization of organized labor in the region. Our findings in San Jose suggest that central labor councils are successful in advancing the needs of workers and labor movement. Today, this experience offers a model for the three‐pronged approach to grassroots movement building: (1) policy research and advocacy, (2) community coalition building, (3) and an aggressive political program that keeps politicians responsive to the needs of workers.
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