Please cite this paper as: Bali NK et al. (2012) Knowledge, attitude, and practices about the seasonal influenza vaccination among healthcare workers in Srinagar, India. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(4), 540–545. Background  Healthcare workers (HCWs) universally have a poor uptake of influenza vaccination. However, no data are available from India. Objective  To explore knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with influenza vaccination in HCWs in a temperate climate area in northern India. Patients and Methods  A self‐administered questionnaire was offered to all HCWs in three major hospitals of Srinagar and information sought on motivations, perceptions, preferences and practices regarding influenza vaccination. Results  Of the 1750 questionnaires received, 1421 (81%) were returned. Only 62 (4·4%) HCWs had ever received influenza vaccination even as 1348 (95%) believed that influenza poses adverse potential consequences for themselves or their contacts; 1144 (81%) were aware of a vaccine against influenza and 830 (58%) of its local availability. Reasons cited by 1359 participants for not being vaccinated included ignorance about vaccine availability (435; 32%), skepticism about efficacy (248; 18%), busy schedule (166; 12%), fear of side effects (70; 4%), and a perception of not being‐at‐risk (82; 6%). Sixty‐one percent (865) believed that vaccine programs are motivated by profit. Eighty‐eight percent opined for mandatory vaccination for HCWs caring for the high‐risk patients, as a part of ‘employee health program’. Most of the participants intended to get vaccinated in the current year even as 684 (48%) held that vaccines could cause unknown illness and 444 (31%) believed their adverse effects to be underreported. Conclusion  Influenza vaccination coverage among HCWs is dismally low in Srinagar; poor knowledge of vaccine availability and misperceptions about vaccine effectiveness, fear of adverse effects and obliviousness to being‐at‐risk being important barriers. Multifaceted, adaptable measures need to be invoked urgently to increase the coverage.

Influenza vaccination among pregnant women in northern India is nonexistent. Poor uptake is rooted in misperceptions about vaccine availability, efficacy, and safety among treating physicians, few of whom are vaccinated.

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Please cite this paper as: Koul PA., et al. (2011) Pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses among patients with acute respiratory illness in Kashmir (India). Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(6), e521–e527. Background  With the emergence of pandemic influenza A (2009A/H1N1) virus in India, we sought to determine the prevalence and clinical presentations of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses among acute respiratory illness (ARI) patients from Srinagar, a temperate climate area in northern India, during the peak winter season. Methods  Combined throat and nasal swabs, obtained from 194 (108 male) presenting with ARI from January to March 2010 (Week 53‐week 10), were tested by RT‐PCR for influenza A and B, including 2009A/H1N1 viruses. HA1 gene of selected 2009A/H1N1‐positive samples was sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was carried out. Results  Twenty‐one (10·8%, age 15–80 years, median age 40 years) patients tested positive for influenza viruses: 13 (62%) for 2009A/H1N1 virus, 6 (28·5%) for seasonal influenza A (H3N2), and 2 (9·5%) for influenza B. Twelve of the 13 patients with 2009A/H1N1 presented with febrile ARI, and eight had associated comorbidities. All of the patients recovered. Phylogenetic analysis of HA gene (n = 8) revealed that all strains from Srinagar clustered in 2009A/H1N1 clade seven along with the other 2009A/H1N1 strains from India. Amino acid substitutions in the HA protein defining clade seven (P83S, S203T, and I321V) were found in almost all isolates from Srinagar. Conclusions  Both seasonal and 2009A/H1N1 viruses appear to be associated with ARI in Srinagar. The 2009A/H1N1 in Srinagar is genetically similar to globally circulating clade 7 strains, with unique signature sequences in the HA gene. Further investigations into ascertain the role of these mutations in possible alteration of the virulence and transmissibility of the virus are needed.

Data about burden of influenza in pregnancy in India are scant. In order to assess the contribution of influenza to acute respiratory illness (ARI) in pregnancy, 266 north Indian pregnant females with febrile ARI were studied from December 2014 to May 2015. Twin nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were obtained and tested for influenza viruses by RT-PCR. Fifty (18.8%) patients tested positive for influenza (A/H1N1pdm09 in 41, A/H3N2 in 8, and influenza B Yamagata in 1). Rigors, headache, and a family history of ARI were significantly more frequent in influenza positive patients. Oseltamivir and supportive therapy were administered to all confirmed cases. Nine influenza positive cases needed hospitalization for their respiratory illness, and 5 developed respiratory failure. Of these, 4 (3 in third trimester) succumbed to their illness. We conclude that influenza viruses are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality among pregnant females with ARI in north India. As such, appropriate preventive strategies of influenza vaccination and early initiation of antiviral therapy during illness are stressed.

This study aims to determine drug sensitivity, metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production and elaboration of bla(OXA)-type carbapenemases in Acinetobacter spp. in a temperate climate area in north India with a heavy influx of tourists. Antimicrobial sensitivity of 165 isolates was performed. Imipenem-resistant isolates were subjected to combined disk (CDT) and double-disk diffusion tests (DDT) for MBL detection. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MBL production were tested by Etest. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for the detection of genes encoding bla(OXA)-23 like, bla(OXA-24) like, bla(OXA-51) like and bla(OXA-58) like genes. Ninety-nine (60%) isolates were imipenem-resistant (MICs 2-96 microg/mL). Fifty (50.5%) of the 99 carbapenem-resistant isolates were MBL producers by CDT and 26 (26.3%) by DDT. The majority (77%) of the isolates elaborated bla(OXA-23) and bla(OXA-51) like genes. Forty seven of the 50 MBL-positive isolates harboured bla(OXA-23) like and bla(OXA-51) like genes. MBL-producing Acinetobacter has emerged as a major pathogen in Kashmir with elaboration of bla(OXA-23) and bla(OXA-51) related carbapenemases. This poses a significant challenge for healthcare professionals and policy planners, and needs to be addressed immediately. Primary care physicians treating visitors to Kashmir need to be aware of the situation.

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