Background
Few semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires (SFFQ)s has yet been developed to assess sodium intake in Middle East region. This study was performed to validate a SFFQ for assessment of sodium consumption and food groups΄ contribution to sodium intake.
Methods
This study was performed on 219 healthy participants including 113 adults aged ≥19 years and 106 children aged 6–18 years in Isfahan, Iran. They were administered two SFFQ at the beginning and after 1 year to evaluate the reproducibility. The validity of SFFQ for assessment of sodium intake was compared with 24-h urine sodium and twelve 24-h dietary recalls which were completed monthly during a year as two standard methods.
Results
Correlation coefficient between the contribution of food groups to sodium intake based on SFFQ and 24-h dietary recalls varied from 0.04 for legumes (P = 0.667) to 0.47 for added salt (P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the estimated total sodium intake based on SFFQ and both standard methods (P < 0.01). Intraclass correlation coefficient (95% CI) between first and second SFFQ had a diverse range from 0.10 (-0.05, 0.17) for fats and oils to 0.49 (0.28, 0.69) for bread. According to the Bland-Altman plots, we observed an acceptable level of agreement between the two methods for sodium intake.
Conclusions
The SFFQ was a relatively valid and reproducible method for estimating sodium intake. Combination of this SFFQ with a valid prediction of 24-h urinary sodium excretion can be useful in achieving more accurate results.
Background Few semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) has yet been developed to assess sodium intake s in Middle East region. This study was performed to validate SFFQ for sodium consumption assessment and evaluation of food groups΄ contribution in sodium intake.Methods This was a validation study. This study was performed on 198 healthy participants aged ≥ 6 years in Isfahan city, central part of Iran in 2014–2015. They provided two SFFQ at the beginning and after one year to evaluate the reproducibility. The validity of SFFQ for assessment of sodium intake compared with 24-hour urine sodium and twelve 24-hour dietary recalls which were completed monthly during a year as two standard methods.Results Correlation coefficient between the contribution of food groups to sodium intake based on SFFQ and 24-hour dietary recalls varied from 0.04 for legumes (P = 0.667) to 0.47 for added salt (P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the estimated total sodium intake based on SFFQ and both standard methods (P < 0.01). Intraclass correlation coefficient (95% CI) between first and second SFFQ had a diverse range from 0.10 (0.05–0.17) for fats and oils to 0.49 (0.28–0.69) for bread. According to the Bland-Altman plots, we observed an acceptable level of agreement between the two methods for sodium intake.Conclusions The SFFQ was a relatively valid and reliable method for estimating sodium intake and food groups contribution in its intake. A combination of two or more methods will be useful in achieving more accurate results.
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