Background: Diet-based recommendations can be developed for preventing and treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) after investigating the effects of whole diets on NAFLD. The aim of this study was to identify major dietary patterns and their association with the risk of NAFLD. Methods: A total of 244 individuals (122 NAFLD patients and 122 controls) participated in this case-control study. The patients with NAFLD were diagnosed by a gastroenterologist. The participants' dietary intake data were collected using a 147-item semi-quantitive food frequency questionnaire and major dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis. Adherence to dietary patterns was divided into tertiles and its association with odds of NAFLD was investigated by multivariate logistic regression. Results: The results showed four major dietary patterns, among which adherence to the "ordinary pattern" was positively associated with NAFLD risk. After adjusting for all confounding factors, individuals in the highest tertile of "ordinary pattern" exhibited a significantly elevated risk of NAFLD compared to the lowest tertile (OR = 3.74, 95%CI = 1.23-11.42, P trend< 0.001). As well as, Individuals in the second and third tertiles of the "traditional pattern" were associated with the risk of NAFLD compared to the lowest tertile (medium vs. lowest tertile OR = 2.37, 95%CI = 1.02-5.53; highest vs. lowest tertile OR = 3.58, 95% CI = 1.48-8.68, P trend< 0.001). The highest tertile of "vegetable and dairy pattern" compared to the lowest tertile was inversely associated with NAFLD risk (OR = 0.23, 95%CI = 0.09-0.58, P trend = 0.02). No significant association was found between "fast food type pattern" and the risk of NAFLD. Conclusion: A significant association was observed between different dietary patterns and the risk of NAFLD. These results can potentially serve as a dietary strategy for preventing NAFLD in individuals who are at a high risk for progression of NAFLD.
Objective There is no previous study that investigated the association between Dietary Diversity Score (DSS) and odds of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study aimed to examine the association between DDS and its components and NAFLD among Iranian adults. Methods In the case-control study, we enrolled 121 newly diagnosed cases of NAFLD and 122 with age, BMI and sex-matched controls. All NAFLD patients were diagnosed through ultrasonography methods by gastroenterologists. Anthropometric parameters of participants including weight, height, hip circumference and waist circumference were measured. A validated 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was applied to assess the usual dietary intakes of participants. Binary logistic regression was conducted to estimate the risk of NAFLD in relation to DDS and its components, including refined grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy and meats. ResultsThe mean age of study participants was 42.7 years of them 53.1% were male. Higher adherence to DDS [odds ratio (OR) = 0.48; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.25-0.95] and vegetable group (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.16−0.71) were remarkably associated with lower risk of NAFLD, after adjusting for several confounders including age, BMI, physical activity, energy intake, job, education, and antihypertensive drugs usage. Contrastingly, greater adherence to the refined grain (OR = 3.36; 95% CI, 1.44-7.87) and meat group (OR = 3.27; 95% CI, 1.25-6.90) was significantly associated with increased risk of NAFLD. Conclusion High DDS is inversely correlated with the risk of NAFLD. Hence, increasing the diversity score of diet by emphasizing the higher diversity scores for vegetables and less for meat and refined grains may be profitable for the management of NAFLD.
Previous studies have frequently reviewed how different macronutrients affect liver health. Still, no study centered around protein intake and the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk relationship. This study aimed to examine the association between the consumption of total and different sources of protein and NAFLD risk. We allocated 243 eligible subjects to the case and control groups, including 121 incidence cases of NAFLD, and 122 healthy controls. Two groups were matched in age, body mass index, and sex. We evaluated the usual food intake of participants using FFQ. Binary logistic regression was conducted to estimate the risk of NAFLD in relation to different sources of protein intake. The age of participants was 42.7 years on average, and 53.1% were male. We found Higher intake of protein in total (odds ratio [OR], 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.52) was significantly associated with a lower risk of NAFLD, despite adjusting for multiple confounders. in detail, higher tendency to the vegetables (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.13–0.59), grains (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.11–0.52), and nuts (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12–0.52) as the main sources of protein, were remarkably correlated with lower NAFLD risk. In contrary, increased intake of meat protein (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.46–6.81) was positively associated with a higher risk. Totally, more calorie intake from proteins was inversely associated with lower NAFLD risk. This was more likely when the protein sources were selected less from meats and more from plants. Accordingly, increasing the consumption of proteins, particularly from plants, may be a good recommendation to manage and prevent NAFLD.
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