Nepal’s school education is structured as ECD / PPC, primary, lower secondary, secondary and higher secondary education. There are 29,220 primary schools. Any school children absent in the school for four consecutive weeks or more who failed to appear in final examination or next year in same school is considered as dropouts. To assess the causes of dropout in primary schools of Gaindakote Resource Centre of Nawalparasi district, a cross-sectional study was conducted in twelve schools of Gaindakote Resource Centre of Nawalparasi district during the period of Srawan / Bhadra, 2066 B.S. The highest dropout rate was found to be 8.43% in grade I and followed by 7.47%, 4.33%, 4.23% and 1.83% in grades II,III, IV andV respectively. The dropout rate for girls (5.87%) was less than boys (6.14%). Drop out is considered as huge waste of resources of the country as well as individual and it is a complex social problem. To reduce dropout rate in primary school, only free education will not solve the problem. So Government alone cannot solve it. Community must be made aware about the problems of drop out & parents are to be motivated for sending their children to school. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal,2011,Vol-6,No-4, 14-18 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v6i4.6720

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs in all age groups, more common in women due to short urethra and its close proximity to anus and vagina. UTI is defined as “microscopic finding of >10 pus cells/high power field (40x) in urine”. The purpose of the study is to find the prevalence of UTI and its association with various risk factors.Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study on prevalence of UTI was done among 260 women aged 15 years and above. Convenient sampling technique was used. Semi-structured questionnaire was designed to collect the data and urine sample was collected for routine and microscopic examination at the time of interview. Collected urine was sent, within 3 hours of collection.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 36.43±16.17 years. The prevalence of UTI among women aged 15 years and above was 36.9%.The most common symptom was frequency of micturition (35%) followed by lower abdominal pain (38.46%). There was significant association between frequency of micturition, burning micturition and lower abdominal pain with occurrence of urinary tract infection. On urinalysis, 96 samples were positive for pus cell; one sample showed blood, 16 samples showed ca-oxalate and 57 samples showed protein which determines the type of UTI. Smoking [COR-2.15, C.I-(1.12, 4.09)] and unavailability of toilet facility [COR-0.27, C.I-(0.08, 0.93)] were the significant risk factors for occurrence of UTI.Conclusions: There was high prevalence of UTI among women aged 15 years and above and association between smoking and unavailability of toilet facility and UTI was significant.

Introduction: COVID-19 is a beta coronavirus that is transmitted by physical interaction or close contact. This Coronavirus Pandemic has also created stress and anxiety among pregnant women all over the world. The disease was first identified in Wuhan city, China, in late December 2019 and was declared pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11th March 2020. Concern and stress in pregnancy are associated with pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm labour, depression etc. Pregnancy is an immune-compromised state and poses a high risk to this risk. This study aims to identify anxiety about the coronavirus infection among pregnant women visiting a tertiary care centre in Kathmandu, Nepal, during this COVID–19 pandemic. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital from 15th July 2020 to 30th July 2020 after taking the ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College. Convenient sampling method was used. All the data were entered in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences data 20.0 and analyzed. Data was presented in frequencies, charts and percentage. Results: Among the total 273 cases, only 2 (0.73%) case had a score between 25-30 corresponding to moderate to severe anxiety, 21 (7.69%) had a score between 18-24, which corresponds to mild to moderate anxiety and 250 (91.57%) had score 0-17 which corresponds mild status. Conclusions: Most of the participants in the study reported a mild status of anxiety. Very few participants reported moderate to severe anxiety.

INTRODUCTIONHealth seeking behaviour is defined as any action undertaken by individuals, who perceive themselves to have a health problem or to be ill, for the purpose of finding an appropriate remedy.1 When assessing and monitoring the health of a population, it is important to describe not only classical mortality and morbidity indicators but also, perceived illness visits to primary health services and utilization of the healthcare services provided.2 Final report of MDG shows that Nepal has made notable progress in health outcomes but still general health status of women (especially those in reproductive age) in Nepal is still poor.3 Poverty, illiteracy, women's low status in the society, lack of access and difficult geographical terrain are major reasons for poor health status of women in Nepal. 4 Despite the increase in service delivery in our country (FY 70/71), people are still not utilizing it properly due to different reasons. 5 The first choice of the people in the community is still traditional practices which include ABSTRACT Background: When assessing and monitoring the health of a population, it is important to describe not only classical mortality and morbidity indicators but also, perceived illness, visits to primary health services, and utilization of the healthcare services provided. Objectives of the study were to determine the health status and factors affecting health seeking behaviour of women. Methods: A descriptive study was done at Bhimtar, Sindhupalchowk District in Nepal, involving 147 subjects sampled by purposive sampling. Study population consisted of women. Data was collected by house to house interview with pretested questionnaire during month of September 2016. Data was entered and then analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20. Simple measures of statistics like frequency, percentages, means were used to represent the data in tables as a part of descriptive analysis and chi-square test was applied to see the association with dependent variables. Results: Among 80.9% women who had gynaecological problems, the highest prevalence rate of the disease was low back pain (60.5%) followed by lower abdominal pain (35.2%), dysmenorrhea (27.3%) and menstrual irregularities (27.3%). The first approach of seeking health for the reported illness among women was the traditional healer (51%). Regarding attitude towards modern medicine, 47.6% respondents replied that facilities were not available locally. Similarly regarding hindering factors for not utilizing health services, lack of female doctors (43.75%) and far distance of health care centre (37.5%) were the most common ones. Conclusions: Higher percentage of women in Bhimtar sought after the traditional healer as the best way for utilizing health services. Modern health care utilization was less because of the distance to be covered during illness and lack of doctors in the health centre.

Introduction: The greater risk of burnout among healthcare professionals is likely to develop an adverse effect on their personal life and the patients’ care. The main aim of this study was to assess the levels of burnout experienced by healthcare workers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021 among healthcare professionals working in different institutions. A convenient sampling technique was applied. An online questionnaire was developed using Google Forms. Results: The total burnout score among health professionals ranged from low (9.5%), moderate (89.5%) to high (1%). The burnout scores reported were of moderate level among doctors (89%) and nurses (92.2%). There was a negative correlation between burnout and compassion satisfaction (r = - 0.207: p<0.003). Healthcare professionals perceived burnout from time pressure (22.2%), followed by administrative work (20.1%) and dealing with patient’s relatives (13.5%). The identified effective way to minimize burnout was family support (29.1%), friends (21.2%), and their interest/hobbies (15.4%). Conclusion: Healthcare professionals in Nepal bear a moderate level of burnout. The main sources of burnout experienced by health workers were time pressure, administrative work, and dealing with patients’ relatives.