Prevalence of urinary tract infection and associated risk factors among women in Sindhupalchowk district, Nepal

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs in all age groups, more common in women due to short urethra and its close proximity to anus and vagina. UTI is defined as “microscopic finding of >10 pus cells/high power field (40x) in urine”. The purpose of the study is to find the prevalence of UTI and its association with various risk factors.Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study on prevalence of UTI was done among 260 women aged 15 years and above. Convenient sampling technique was used. Semi-structured questionnaire was designed to collect the data and urine sample was collected for routine and microscopic examination at the time of interview. Collected urine was sent, within 3 hours of collection.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 36.43±16.17 years. The prevalence of UTI among women aged 15 years and above was 36.9%.The most common symptom was frequency of micturition (35%) followed by lower abdominal pain (38.46%). There was significant association between frequency of micturition, burning micturition and lower abdominal pain with occurrence of urinary tract infection. On urinalysis, 96 samples were positive for pus cell; one sample showed blood, 16 samples showed ca-oxalate and 57 samples showed protein which determines the type of UTI. Smoking [COR-2.15, C.I-(1.12, 4.09)] and unavailability of toilet facility [COR-0.27, C.I-(0.08, 0.93)] were the significant risk factors for occurrence of UTI.Conclusions: There was high prevalence of UTI among women aged 15 years and above and association between smoking and unavailability of toilet facility and UTI was significant.

Access to clean water and urinary tract infections in Haitian women

“…Our findings are consistent with other studies reporting increased UTIs in developing countries such as one in the Sindhupalchowk district of Nepal where the prevalence of UTIs among women over the age of 15 years was 36.9%. Unlike our findings in Haiti, that study identified UTI risk factors as smoking, unavailability of toilet facility, and decreased daytime water intake (Paudel et al, ). Women who are living in poor areas of developing countries appear to have higher risk rates for UTIs when compared to women who live in first countries.…”

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Risk Factors Among Patients Attending Medical City Hospital in Baghdad City, Iraq

“…Similar study done by Paudel et al (2018) showed the commonest urological symptoms to be lower abdominal pain (58.46%) followed by frequency of micturition (35%) and haematuria (1.5%) was the least common symptoms. The study done by Wamalwa et al (3013) showed the commonest urological symptoms to be urgency (43.1%) and least common symptoms hematuria (4.2%).…”

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of the Common Uropathogens among Patients Admitted in A Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

“…Other factors that may contribute to develop UTI in women include urethral injury during sexual intercourse, diaphragmspermicide use, voiding behaviour & poor hygienic conditions especially in low income society. 7 Female may be affected with UTI at any age from reproductive age to 7,9 In our study, Diabetes was found in 36 patients (36%) and many of them had have recurrent UTI, among them 17 had uncontrolled DM. A large study was conducted in Kuwait, where most of the UTI cases (78.2%) were found in the diabetic patients with uncontrolled glycaemia.…”

“…A large study was conducted on 2013 at Dhaka city reveals 79% female were suffering from culture positive UTI and remaining 21% was male. 7 Several studies shows that UTIs are most commonly seen in sexually active young women. 8 High prevalence of UTI among female population may be due to short and wide urethra and proximity to anus that makes easy for bacteria to ascend in the urinary tract and decrease of normal vaginal flora (Lactobacilli).…”