Microalgae are sunlight-driven miniature factories that convert atmospheric CO 2 to polar and neutral lipids which after esterification can be utilized as an alternative source of petroleum. Further, other metabolic products such as bioethanol and biohydrogen produced by algal cells are also being considered for the same purpose. Microaglae are more efficient than the conventional oleaginous plants in capturing solar energy as they have simpler cellular organization and high capacity to produce lipids even under nutritionally challenged and high salt concentrations. Commercially, microalgae are cultivated either in open pond systems or in closed photobioreactors. The photobioreactor systems including tubular bioreactors, plate reactors and bubble column reactors have their own advantages as they provide sterile conditions for growing algal biomass. Besides, other culture conditions such as light intensity, CO 2 concentration, nutritional balance, etc, in closed reactors remain controlled. On the other hand, though the open ponds provide a cost-effective option to utilize natural light facility for algal cells, the tough maintenance of optimal and stable growth conditions makes it difficult to manage the economy of the process. Further, these systems are much more susceptible to contamination with unwanted microalgae and fungi, bacteria and protozoa that feed on algae. Recently, some work has been done to improve lipid production from algal biomass by implementing in silico and in vitro biochemical, genetic and metabolic engineering approaches. This article represents a comprehensive discussion about the potential of microalgae for the production of valuable lipid compounds that can be further used for biodiesel production.
No abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) becomes a major problem for world health. Numerous studies have documented that the polymorphisms in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene may contribute to an individual risk for the loss of kidney function. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible relationship between ACE G2350A gene polymorphism and the risk of CKD in Uttar Pradesh population. A total of 379 (159 CKD patients and 220 healthy controls) subjects were recruited for this study. All subjects were genotyped for G2350A polymorphism by PCR-RFLP method. The significant differences were reported between CKD patients and control groups in height, BMI, WC, WH ratio, SBP, DBP, FBS, serum creatinine, eGFR, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL (p < 0.05); while there was no difference in weight, WC, HC and VLDL. The frequency of AA genotype and A-allele were significantly higher in healthy controls than to patients. Conclusively, this study showed that the G2350A polymorphism may not contribute to CKD risk. Further investigations are warranted in larger sample size to confirm our results.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem with high risk of morbidity and mortality. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in different ethnic groups. This study aimed to investigate an association between ACE (A-240T) gene polymorphism and CKD in North Indian population. This case-control study was conducted in 385 subjects- 165 patients with CKD and 220 healthy controls. Genotyping of ACE A-240T polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The AA genotype and the A allele distributions were higher in both groups than the TT genotype and the T-allele. But, the genotypic and allelic distributions were not statistically significant difference between CKD patients and healthy controls. Also, no significant difference was found between the two groups in dominant, recessive and codominant genetic models. Our study suggested that the ACE A-240T variant not seems to be a risk factor for CKD in North Indian population. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm these results.
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