This study assessed milk productivity, demographic characteristics and workload distribution on a single high-yield dairy ewe farm in Spain (Avila, Spain; continental climate, latitude of 40.90 N, altitude of 900 m) over a 7-year period considering a transition from a herd management system involving five lambings per year (5LY) to a system involving 10 lambings per year (10LY). The 5LY system was practiced on the farm from 2010 to 2012 and the 10LY system from 2014 to 2015, with 2009 and 2013 being considered transition years. During this period, 27 415 lactations were recorded from an average of 3746 Lacaune sheep/year. Several productivity parameters were higher in 2014 to 2015 than in 2010 to 2012: milk yield/lactation (370±156 v. 349±185 l), lactation length (218±75 v. 192±75 days) and dry period length (53.5±38.3 v. 69.1±34.8 days) (all P<0.0001). During 2014 to 2015, investment in new lambing facilities was possible, workload was distributed more uniformly throughout the year, workload per worker was smaller, rate of ewe culling was lower (35.39±0.53% v. 42.51±7.51%), ewe longevity was greater and higher-order lactations were more numerous (P<0.0001). On the other hand, during 2010 to 2012, daily production was higher (1.73±1.66 v. 1.70±0.62 l/day; P=0.038), the interlambing period was shorter (283±50 v. 302±44 days; P<0.0001) and lambings/ewe per year were greater (1.42±0.01 v. 1.30±0.01; P<0.05). These results suggest that a 10LY herd management system can be compatible with profitability, productivity and good animal and worker's welfare on a high-yield dairy farm, and may even be associated with better outcomes than a 5LY system.
The Bandler-Grinder Learning Model and teaching techniques for Mendelian genetics in Costa Rican tenth grade students. Education in genetics is basic for learning in other areas such as health, agriculture and environmental sciences. In Costa Rica, little is known about genetics education in high school, despite the importance of this discipline to society. Here we analyze the techniques used in two Costa Rican institutions to teach Mendelian genetics, and identify the learning styles based on the NLP Bandler & Grinder Learning Model. The research was conducted under a mixed approach in ten-grade students from two daytime high schools. We used three kinds of instruments: semistructured interview, observation by recording critical incidents in class and a learning styles test. We found that the teachers had little knowledge of learning styles, and that lessons are developed mainly as master classes. Teachers and students do not agree on the degree of difficulty of several subtopics of Mendelian genetics. Even though the auditory style was predominat, we found that the prevalence is probably multifactorial. KEY WORDSLearning styles, Neuro-Linguistic Programming, classical genetics teaching, Mendelian inheritance, Costa Rican high school. RESUMENEn Costa Rica existen muy pocas investigaciones en el área de la enseñanza de la genética en secundaria, a pesar de la importancia que tiene esta disciplina actualmente, siendo base fundamental para otras áreas de las ciencias como las de la salud, las agrarias o ambientales. El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las técnicas utilizadas por dos profesoras para desarrollar los temas de genética mendeliana e identificar los diferentes estilos de aprendizaje que poseen los estudiantes de décimo año de dos colegios diurnos de Costa Rica. La investigación se desarrolló en un enfoque mixto, utilizando tres tipos de instrumentos. Entre los resultados más destacables se observó poco conocimiento del tema de estilos de aprendizaje por parte de las docentes; las clases que se desarrollan son del tipo magistral, además, los temas con mayor y menor dificultad en los tópicos de genética mendeliana no concuerdan entre profesoras y estudiantes. Existe diversidad de estilos de aprendizaje en los estudiantes, siendo el auditivo el de mayor predominancia a nivel general. Así mismo, se identificaron estudiantes que pueden desarrollar una alta o baja predominancia simultáneamente en los tres estilos de aprendizaje (visual, auditivo, kinestésico), indicando que por lo general las personas durante su proceso de aprendizaje presentan varios estilos, cuya predominancia es posiblemente multifactorial. PALABRAS CLAVEEstilos de aprendizaje, genética clásica, herencia mendeliana, educación secundaria costarricense.A nivel educativo se tiene claro que existen problemas serios respecto a los métodos de enseñanza utilizados en las diferentes disciplinas, tal es el caso del área de matemática, de física, de química, y en menor medida de biología (Lucas, 1986;Diez de Tancredi & Caballero, 2004; ...
Presencia del algaABSTRACT Ocurrence of the alga Chlamydomomas vesterbottnica (Chlamydomonadales: Chlamydomonadaceae) in the water treatment ponds of a landfill in Costa Rica. Algae belonging to the genus Chlamydomonas have a cosmopolitan distribution and many of them have the ability to adapt to extreme environmental conditions. These may even be found in ponds containing wastewater of domestic and industrial origin, which may have high nutrient levels as well as concentrations of organic and inorganic contaminants. In this work we report for the first time in Costa Rica the presence of a green algae species, Chlamydomonas vesterbottnica, located in ponds of a treatment plant receiving leachate from Los Mangos landfill in Alajuela. The presence of this alga arouses special interest for possible biotechnological applications with wastewater from treatment plants.
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