Resumo Objetivos Avaliar o perfil dos trabalhadores rurais do município de Picos, no Estado do Piauí e suas práticas e atitudes quanto à utilização de agrotóxicos. Métodos A coleta dos dados (n=159) foi realizada em Picos com levantamento de dados socioeconômicos, utilização de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs), armazenamento e destino das embalagens de agrotóxicos, toxicidade e risco ambiental. Resultados A maioria dos agricultores era do sexo feminino (63%), não concluiu o ensino fundamental (55,6%), tinha entre 31 e 50 anos (55,3%), com renda de até um salário mínimo (66%) e possuía água encanada (84,3%). Quanto ao uso, 64,1% (102) utilizavam agrotóxicos, principalmente na agricultura (86,3%). Eles obtiveram informações sobre essas substâncias com vizinhos (44,2%), liam o rótulo para utilizar o produto (64,8%), usavam agroquímicos devido à ação rápida (81,4%), compravam em casas agropecuárias (87,4%), sem receituário agronômico (92%) e armazenavam embalagens dentro da própria casa (33,6%). Mais da metade não usava EPIs (56,8%), embora considerassem os agrotóxicos prejudiciais à saúde humana (94,1%) e ao meio ambiente (80,4%), além de 15% (24 pessoas) terem sentido algum sintoma de envenenamento. Conclusões Os entrevistados, em sua maioria, usavam agrotóxicos inadequadamente, tinham baixa escolaridade e conheciam sobre os riscos individuais e coletivos aos quais estavam expostos, mas não usavam EPIs.
Background: Sulforaphane (SF, 1-isothiocyanato-4-(methyl-sulfinyl)-butane) is found in broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower. Methods: we performed a critical review on the antioxidative, chemopreventive and antitumor effects of SF from cruciferous vegetables against prostate cancers and molecular pathways. For a complete and reliable review, primary and secondary resources were used, including original and review articles, books and government documents published until March 2018. Articles that are in duplicity and disconnected are not considered for review. SF is derived from glucoraphanin (4-methyl-sulfinyl-butyl-glucosinate), being one of the most commonly found isothiocyanates in vegetables from Brassica spp., especially in broccoli samples. In vitro studies indicate that SF induces apoptosis in a dependent or non-dependent method of androgens by transcription of tumor suppressor genes, oxidation response and higher expression of phase II enzymes in prostate cancer cells. Sulforaphane also decreases transcription of the nuclear factor kB and antiapoptotic proteins, expression of cyclin D2 and survivin and DNA synthesis, increases Nrf2 gene activity, interferes with genome compacting by inhibition of histone deacetylases and disrupts Hsp90 complexes, which cause cell cycle arrest, mitosis interruption, activation of caspases and mitochondria depolarization. Conclusion: SF and cruciferous vegetables play antioxidative and chemopreventive role, delaying or blocking in vivo carcinogenesis, causing biochemical and epigenetic changes, preventing, delaying, or reversing preneoplastic or advanced prostate lesions, and frequently activating tumor cell death by intrinsic methods of apoptosis. These outcomes encourage the consumption of Brassica specimens, which could be easily achieved by the incorporation of food and vegetables rich in cruciferous isothiocyanates in the diet.
Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae), known as “Buriti,” is a Brazilian palm tree with high economic potential for local communities. Herein, we investigated the phytochemistry profile and antioxidant potential of M. flexuosa fruits and determined the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds. Peels revealed upper values for phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins, and ascorbic acid when compared to the pulps and endocarps. All samples showed capacity to scavenger free radicals (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/mL) but peels presented higher scavenger action in all methods explored. Phenolic compounds identified by HPLC displayed reduced bioaccessibility after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion for pulp (38.7%), peel (18.7%), and endocarp (22.3%) extracts (P < 0.05). Buriti fruits also protected rat blood cells against lysis induced by peroxyl radicals. We demonstrated the promising chemopreventive potentialities of M. flexuosa fruits and their by-products and peels with higher quantities of bioactive compounds and phenolic substances before and after in vitro bioaccessibility investigation. In Brazil, these parts are discarded or underused, mainly as feed for ruminant animals. Consequently, it is extremely important to explore nutritional characteristics of these by-products for human/livestock foods and to install biofriendly techniques and sustainable biotechnology handling of natural resources.
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