Wound healing is a complicated organised process that includes numerous phases that connect diverse cellular events and activate several intracellular molecular pathways in injured cells and tissues. Delay in wound healing owing to high levels of oxidative stress is a major difficulty in various metabolic illnesses, including diabetes mellitus. Several therapeutic wound dressing materials and methods, such as hyperbaric oxygen treatment and negative pressure wound therapy, have been developed to speed up wound healing and restore cellular homeostasis. A significant advance has been made in locating transcriptional regulators involved in wound healing. The redox sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the major regulator of antioxidant defense regulation, inducing the expression of cyto-protective genes and increasing the generation of antioxidants that scavenge free radicals.Activators of Nrf2 have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve wound healing in a variety of pathophysiological situations, including diabetes and its consequences such as diabetic foot ulcers, chronic kidney disease, and diabetic nephropathy. Several therapeutic chemicals have been discovered to alleviate oxidative stress and consequently increase cell proliferation. Angiogenesis results in tissue healing through activating the transcription factor Nrf2. This review focuses on role of Nrf2 mediated antioxidant gene expression for diabetic wound healing.
Background: The south Indian Telugu states will celebrate a new year called ‘Ugadi’ which is a south Indian traditional festival. The ingredients used in ugadi pachadi have often also been used in food as well as traditional Ayurveda and Siddha medicinal preparations. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a diverse family of enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses which can infect humans and have the potential to cause large-scale outbreaks. Objective: Considering the benefits of ugadi pachadi, we investigated the binding modes of various phytochemical constituents reported from its ingredients against five targets of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Flexible-ligand docking simulations were achieved through AutoDock version 1.5.6. Following 50ns of molecular dynamics simulation using GROMACS 2018.1 software and binding free energy (ΔGbind) of the protein-ligand complexes were calculated using the g_mmpbsa tool. ADME prediction was done using Qikprop of Schrodinger. Results: From the molecular docking and MM/PBSA results compound Eriodictin exhibited the highest binding energy when complexed with nucleocapsid N protein (6M3M) (-6.8 kcal/mol, -82.46 kJ/mol), bound SARS-CoV-2-hACE2 complex (6M0J) (-7.4 kcal/mol, -71.10 kJ/mol) and Mpro (6XR3) (-8.6 kcal/mol, -140.21 kJ/mol). Van der Waal and electrostatic energy terms highly favored total free energy binding. Conclusion: The compounds Eriodictin, Vitexin, Cycloart-3, 24, 27-triol, Agigenin, Mangiferin, Mangiferolic acid, Schaftoside, 27-Hydroxymangiferonic acid, Quercetin, Azadirachtol, Cubebin, Isomangiferin, Isoquercitrin, Malicarpin, Orientin and procyanidin dimer exhibited satisfactory binding energy values when compared with standard molecules. The further iterative optimization of high-ranked compounds following validation by in vitro and in vivo techniques assists in discovering therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 molecules.
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