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Liquid benzoquinone and naphthoquinone having diethylene glycol monomethyl ether groups are designed and synthesized as redox active materials that dissolve supporting electrolytes. The Li-ion batteries based on the liquid quinones using LiBF /PC show good performance in terms of voltage, capacity, energy efficiency, and cyclability in both static and flow modes. A battery is constructed without using intentionally added organic solvent, and its high energy density (264 W h L ) demonstrates the potential of solvent-free organic redox flow batteries using liquid active materials.

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Adhesive particles on polished wafers are detached by e.g. scrubbing, and removed by liquid flow from the wafer. However, the relationship between the characteristic of liquid flow and the removal of detached particles has not yet been examined in detail. Therefore, the re-adhesion of detached particles to wafer surfaces in liquid flow on rotating wafers was experimentally investigated. The number of residue particles on a wafer was counted using a defect inspection tool after de-ionized water (DIW) rinse for particle removal. To discuss the mechanism of particle removal, a model was constructed and compared with experimental results. The model is based on boundary layer theory of fluid dynamics and advection diffusion theory of transport phenomena for particle removal in liquid flow near the wafer surface. The model results confirmed that detached particles in liquid flow moved into the sublayer and re-adhered to the wafer surface by diffusion. Moreover, particles in the sublayer, where the liquid velocity is several hundred um/s, could not be moved from the sublayer and removed from the wafer. It was also found that the number of particles re-adhering to the wafer surface depends on the Sherwood number.

Various types of piperidinium ionic liquids (ILs) equipped with an oxygen atom-containing alkyl side chain on the positively charged nitrogen atom were systematically synthesized and their physical properties investigated. The thermal stability, viscosity, electrochemical window, and ion conductivity were influenced significantly by changing the position of the oxygen atom in the alkyl chain. Although the lowest viscosity was recorded for 1-((2-methoxyethoxy)methyl)-1-methylpiperidin-1-ium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([PP][TfN]), 1-methyl-1-(2-propoxyethyl)piperidin-1-ium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([PP][TfN]) can be recommended as the best IL as an electrolyte due to its low viscosity and high thermal and electrochemical stability among the seven ILs tested.