The algorithm based on integration over Lefschetz thimbles is a promising method to resolve the sign problem for complex actions. However, this algorithm often meets a difficulty in actual Monte Carlo calculations because the configuration space is not easily explored due to the infinitely high potential barriers between different thimbles. In this paper, we propose to use the flow time of the antiholomorphic gradient flow as an auxiliary variable for the highly multimodal distribution. To illustrate this, we implement the parallel tempering method by taking the flow time as a tempering parameter. In this algorithm, we can take the maximum flow time to be sufficiently large such that the sign problem disappears there, and two separate modes are connected through configurations at small flow times. To exemplify that this algorithm does work, we investigate the (0 + 1)-dimensional massive Thirring model at finite density and show that our algorithm correctly reproduces the analytic results for large flow times such as T = 2
We propose a class of models which generate three-dimensional random volumes, where each configuration consists of triangles glued together along multiple hinges. The models have matrices as the dynamical variables and are characterized by semisimple associative algebras A. Although most of the diagrams represent configurations which are not manifolds, we show that the set of possible diagrams can be drastically reduced such that only (and all of the) three-dimensional manifolds with tetrahedral decompositions appear, by introducing a color structure and taking an appropriate large N limit. We examine the analytic properties when A is a matrix ring or a group ring, and show that the models with matrix ring have a novel strong-weak duality which interchanges the roles of triangles and hinges. We also give a brief comment on the relationship of our models with the colored tensor models.
The tempered Lefschetz thimble method (TLTM) is a parallel-tempering algorithm towards solving the numerical sign problem, where the system is tempered by the antiholomorphic gradient flow to tame both the sign and ergodicity problems simultaneously. In this paper, we implement the hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm for transitions on each flowed surface, expecting that this implementation on TLTM will give a useful framework for future computations of large-scale systems including fermions. Although the use of HMC in Lefschetz thimble methods has been proposed so far, our crucial achievement here is that HMC is implemented on TLTM so as to work within the parallel-tempering algorithm in TLTM, especially by developing an algorithm to handle zeros of fermion determinants in the course of the moleculardynamics process. We confirm that the algorithm works correctly by applying it to the sign problem of the Hubbard model on a small lattice, for which the TLTM is known to work with the Metropolis algorithm. We show that the use of HMC significantly reduces the autocorrelation times with less computational times compared to the Metropolis algorithm.
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