BackgroundThe A1c-derived average glucose examined the link between the glycated haemoglobin and the estimated average glucose, and provided a linear relation between them. Other studies proved that, over a period of 4 months, plasma glucose in the preceding 30 days contribute to about 50 % to the glycated haemoglobin value while the other 50 % is due to the remaining 3 months altogether.Technical details of the methodIn this technical note, we propose a weighted method assuming that the contribution of glucose to glycated haemoglobin over 3 months is chronologically 20 %, 30 % and 50 % respectively. A comparison is made with the linear regression method which uses the same estimated average glucose over the whole period. Results yielded by the weighted method are also compared to those given by the model proposed by Ladyzyński et al.FindingsA simulation is carried out on data assumed to come from a first individual with nearly the same level of glucose over 3 months, a second individual who starts with high levels of glucose and then reaches a stabilised low level by the last month, and finally, a third case who had just been diagnosed with diabetes during the last month whereas he/she had a normal glycaemia during the preceding 2 months. The weighted method gives more realistic values of HbA1c (7.36 %, 6.80 %, 8.49 %) than the linear regression method without weights which gives the same value (7.45 %) for the three cases. Another comparison shows that the three values given by the weighted method are slightly smaller than the corresponding values given by the model of Ladyzynski et al. (7.62 %, 7.02 %, 8.8 %) but the relative variation is nearly the same for the three values (≈3 %).ConclussionWithout regular self-testing and day-to-day insights, a sole HbA1c value can be confusing and misleading. For physicians and patients, a clear understanding of the relationship between the weighted average glucose and HbA1c is necessary in order to set an appropriate daily control depending on whether the glucose is stabilized over the whole period, at the beginning, at the end; or still under recurrent episodes of high and low levels. The measured HbA1c at a biological laboratory gives no indication on glucose variation. Moreover, low values of glucose may cancel high values and lead to a “good” average glucose and ideal glycated haemoglobin.
This paper aims to study the riparian community of coastal dayas at the mouth of the Moulouya River in the northeast of Morocco. We carried out a monthly sampling of riparian fauna on two dayas (EMDI & EMDII) on the Mediterranean coast. Banks of these dayas are an ecotone where terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic species mix. Riparian species dominate the population in richness and abundance: most species are either sporadic (EMDI) or accidental (EMDII). The dominant species are halophilous. Interesting species have been collected from these dayas: Gonocephalum yelamosi, new species for Morocco, Blaps nitens, Dyschirius tensicollis, and Dyschirius africanus, which dayas is a new distribution in the region. Species with the same ecological niches that can compete with each other seem to share the occupation of this environment. The same phenomenon seems to occur for species of the genus Pogonus and Pogonistes, which have populations that reach their maximum expansion at different periods.
Un suivi régulier du peuplement des coléoptères carabiques des bords de deux dayas du Nord-Est du Maroc a été effectué durant l'automne 1992, du début de la mise en eau jusqu’à F assèchement total. Ce peuplement évolue selon le même modèle pour les deux dayas. Trois phases ont été mises en évidence. La première est caractérisée par une dominance des espèces terrestres sur les ripicoles, tant en richesse qu’en abondance. Durant la seconde phase l’inverse se produit avec dominance des espèces ripicoles sur les terrestres. La troisième phase correspond à un retour de la dominance des espèces terrestres avec un peuplement très proche de celui de la phase initiale. L’importante perturbation du milieu, liée à des relevés trop fréquents, provoque une importante diminution de la densité, de l’abondance et de la richesse du peuplement au cours du temps.
During the last decades, HbA 1c became a standard assay in the control of risks for diabetic complications. Epidemiological studies and clinical trials have explored and determined the relationship between HbA 1c and mean blood glucose. However, for patients and health care providers, a clear understanding of this relationship is necessary for setting appropriate day-to-day blood glucose testing goals aiming to achieve specific HbA 1c targets while avoiding hypoglycaemia.
Riparian communities are made up of species that colonise the wet banks of different aquatic environments (ocean, river, torrent, water body, dayas) whatever their size and as long as they are being impounded. These are species that are highly dependent on their biotope, with very strict ecological and ethological requirements, and are vulnerable to any change or disturbance of the environment. Thus, depending on the type of contaminant, pollution can have different effects on this fauna: a lethal, repulsive, or attractive effect. The aim is to study the effect of pollution on the riparian community. We compare between the beetles fauna of banks of two hill dam reservoirs, one polluted and the other unpolluted. The study highlighted the attractive effect of pollution by domestic waste, particularly plastic bags, and other solid debris. Indeed, the latter, having the same physical characteristics (weight, size, thickness, etc.) as stones, leaves, and other microhabitats found in nature, have had the effect of attracting riparian species through the shelter, humidity, and shade they offer.
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