SUMMARYIn surface ux parametrizations, aerodynamic roughness length z m0 , and thermal roughness length z h0 , are used to account for different resistances for momentum transfer and heat transfer. This paper introduces a turbulence-related length h T and parametrizes the quantity kA ¡1 D ln.h T =zh 0 / in order to estimate zh 0 . Based on data at three sites on the Tibetan Plateau, a general formula for kA ¡1 is obtained for the surfaces covered by bare soil or partially covered by very short vegetation. A surface ux parametrization with this formula provides better estimates of heat ux than either pro le ux parametrization or surface ux parametrization with kB ¡1 (i.e. ln.z m0 =z h0 /). Therefore, the use of a reasonable length to scale z h0 can contribute to the improvement of surface ux parametrizations.
To determine the incidence of
hepatic diseases in dogs and cats in Japan, a retrospective study was performed using data
of 463 canine and 71 feline liver biopsies at the Veterinary Medical Center of the
University of Tokyo. The most common canine hepatic disease was microvascular dysplasia
(MVD) and occupied 29.4% of all diagnoses. This terminology might contain “real” MVD and
primary portal vein hypoplasia, because these two conditions were difficult to be clearly
distinguished histopathologically. Parenchymal and interstitial hepatitis and primary
hepatic tumors accounted for 23.5% and 21.0% of the diagnoses, respectively. Parenchymal
and interstitial hepatitis occupied 34.1% of non-proliferative canine hepatic diseases,
while hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma were 26.6% and 24.5% of proliferative hepatic
diseases, respectively. Breed-specificity was seen in MVD for Yorkshire terrier, Papillon
and Toy poodle, in hepatitis for Doberman pinscher and Labrador retriever, in
cholangiohepatitis for American cocker spaniel, Miniature schnauzer and Pomeranian, in
hepatocellular adenoma for Golden retriever and Shiba and in hepatocellular carcinoma for
Shih Tzu. The most common feline liver disease was parenchymal and interstitial hepatitis
(45.1% of all diagnoses). Among feline hepatitis, neutrophilic cholangiohepatitis (23.9%),
lymphocytic cholangiohepatitis (14.1%) and chronic hepatitis (5.6%) were recorded. Adult
polycystic liver disease was 5.6%. Among proliferative diseases in the feline liver (11.3%
of the all), lymphoma (4.2%) and primary epithelial tumors (4.2%) including hepatocellular
carcinoma, cholangiocellular adenoma and cholangiocellular carcinoma were observed.
Hepatic degeneration was 14.1%, and MVD was 12.7%, respectively.
Both TDP-43 pathology and failure of RNA editing of AMPA receptor subunit GluA2, are etiology-linked molecular abnormalities that concomitantly occur in the motor neurons of the majority of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). AR2 mice, in which an RNA editing enzyme adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 (ADAR2) is conditionally knocked out in the motor neurons, exhibit a progressive ALS phenotype with TDP-43 pathology in the motor neurons through a Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptor-mediated mechanism. Therefore, amelioration of the increased Ca2+ influx by AMPA receptor antagonists may be a potential ALS therapy. Here, we showed that orally administered perampanel, a selective, non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist significantly prevented the progression of the ALS phenotype and normalized the TDP-43 pathology-associated death of motor neurons in the AR2 mice. Given that perampanel is an approved anti-epileptic drug, perampanel is a potential candidate ALS drug worthy of a clinical trial.
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