Little information is available on the relationship between computed tomography (CT) imaging findings and the pathologic diagnosis of canine hepatic tumors. Our purpose was to clarify the characteristic features of CT findings in liver tumors in dogs. Data from 33 dogs with either a hepatocellular carcinoma, n = 14, hepatocellular adenoma, n = 14, or nodular hyperplasia, n = 5 were summarized from medical records. CT features for each histologic diagnosis were characterized and analyzed statistically. Common findings in hepatocellular carcinoma included central (79%, P = 0.0030) and marginal enhancement (93%, P = 0.00043) in the arterial phase, cyst-like lesions (93%), capsule formation (93%), and hypoattenuation in the portal (86%), and equilibrium phases (93%). Hepatic adenoma was characterized by a characteristic diffuse enhancement pattern during the arterial phase (57%, P = 0.013), which was also found in nodular hyperplasia (60%), but never in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nodular hyperplasia was less likely to have a capsule structure (20%, P = 0.0087). Mass size was significantly smaller in nodular hyperplasia than in hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic adenoma (P = 0.0033 and 0.038, respectively). Hyperattenuation in the arterial and the portal phase i.e. contrast retention, was more frequent in hepatic adenoma than in the other groups (P = 0.037 and 0.037, respectively). Nodular hyperplasia was more frequently isoattenuating in the equilibrium phase (P = 0.043).

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Background and Aim: Non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (NADET) are rare, and there is no consensus regarding treatment indications and methods for superficial lesions. Records of patients with NADET over a 10-year period were reviewed to clarify the present state of clinical management of superficial NADET.Methods: Data related to clinicopathological characteristics, selection of treatment, and outcomes were collected and analyzed.Results: Of 95 lesions, 73 were either adenoma or mucosal or submucosal invasive cancers. Half of the patients with a biopsy diagnosis of low-grade adenoma were followed up without treatment. Results of endoscopic resection (ER), including endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for patients with high-grade adenoma (HGA) or cancer showed a high en bloc resection rate. However, the risk of perforation was high among ESD cases. Surgery was done for patients with a diagnosis of cT1a or cT1b cancer, of which half underwent local resection. An upgrade in pathology between preoperative biopsy and final pathology was observed in 11/13 lesions with a biopsy diagnosis of HGA.Conclusions: Superficial NADET, including HGA, should be treated endoscopically or surgically. For lesions with no risk of metastasis, local resection by EMR may be reasonable or clinically sufficient regarding the high complication rate of ESD. However, surgery remains a standard treatment for lesions that are technically impossible to remove by ER.

Because of the low prevalence of non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (NADETs), standardized clinical management of sporadic superficial NADETs, including diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, has not yet been established. Retrospective studies have revealed certain endoscopic findings suggestive of malignancy. Duodenal adenoma with high-grade dysplasia and mucosal cancer are candidates for local resection by endoscopic or minimally invasive surgery. The use of endoscopic treatment including endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), for the treatment for superficial NADETs is increasing. EMR requires multiple sessions to achieve complete remission and repetitive endoscopy is needed after resection. ESD provides an excellent complete resection rate, however it remains a challenging method, considering the high risk of intraoperative or delayed perforation. Minimally invasive surgery such as wedge resection and pancreas-sparing duodenectomy are beneficial for superficial NADETs that are technically difficult to remove by endoscopic treatment. Pancreaticoduodenectomy remains a standard surgical procedure for treatment of duodenal cancer with submucosal invasion, which presents a risk of lymph node metastasis. Endoscopic or surgical treatment outcomes of superficial NADETs without submucosal invasion are satisfactory. Establishing an endoscopic diagnostic tool to differentiate superficial NADETs between adenoma and cancer as well as between mucosal and submucosal cancer is required to select the most appropriate treatment.

The presence of pancreatic fistula was the strongest risk factor for organ/space SSI. Efforts to reduce the development of pancreatic fistulas, to decrease length of operation, and to use a closed drainage system would decrease the incidence of SSI following pancreaticoduodenectomy. If SSI that requires antibacterial treatment occurs, then the treatment should target enterobacteria.

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Intraabdominal bleeding, the most life-threatening complication following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), most often is associated with failure of a pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis or with intraabdominal infection. We investigated whether placement of an omental flap around the splanchnic vessels in PD could reduce the occurrence of intraabdominal bleeding and other postoperative complications. One hundred consecutive patients who underwent PD at the authors' institution between January 2000 and October 2004 were enrolled in this prospective study. After dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament, the major splanchnic arteries and the portal vein were covered by the omental flap. Preoperative condition, incidence of pancreatic fistula, intra-abdominal bleeding, other complications, treatment mortality, and hospital stay were analyzed for interrelationships. The frequency of pancreatic fistula (20%) differed little from those in previous reports. However, intraabdominal bleeding was observed in only 1 (1.0%) patient, who was considered to have too thin a flap. No intraabdominal abscess was encountered. No mortality or complications occurred in relation to the omental flap. Thus, wrapping an omental flap around dissected splanchnic vessels in PD reduced postoperative intraabdominal bleeding and infection, but failed to prevent pancreatic fistulas.