Hearing loss is a common disorder and can be conductive, sensorineural or mixed types. It can be congenital or acquired. In pediatric population more than 50% of deafness is genetic in origin. The patients may present as Deaf, mute or hard of hearing. Literature review was carried out on the pathophysiology including genetics, clinical presentation, etiology, diagnosis and various management, using internet Google, search PubMed. Additional information was obtained by cross referencing, using text and journals in the medical libraries.

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Apoptosis is a programmed cell death which occurs following a variety of stimuli. Physiologically the process is important for morphogenesis of organs and homeostasis of different types of cells. Apoptotic cell death is responsible for a variety of pathologic states such as elimination of cell death in mutated cells, infected cells, tumour cells and transplant rejection well as the pathological atrophy. In this review, there is discussion about the control of apoptosis, detection methods of apoptosis, its association with infectious and non-communicable diseases. Intracellular microorganisms survive through inhibition of host cell apoptosis as well as they destroy the parenchymal cells causing impaired functions. It plays important role in tumourigenesis. There are possible therapeutic roles of drugs that modify apoptosis in human diseases.

Telomeres are specialized DNA complexes found at the end of all chromosomes. Human, as a member of eukaryotic cells, requires telomeres to maintain the length and the stability of chromosomes. Telomeres lose their non-coding DNA sequence to protect the genetic information on the chromosomes. Shortening of telomeres occurs in most somatic cells after sufficient cell division in a human lifetime. Normal haemopoietic cells or stem cells possess telomerase enzyme to restore telomeres and allow further replication. Telomere dysfunction is the origin of several degenerative disorders and also predispose to cancer. Roles of telomere in carcinogenesis and ageing related disorders are reviewed.

 Background: Mentoring is the relationship of a guide or a teacher with another person/student augmenting his/her carrier growth, knowledge, skills, and experiences implemented by caring, sharing and helping hands. The aim of this paper is to highlight the mentoring, type of mentoring, how important of matching and consideration of ethical issue in mentoring program. Not missing these significant points, mentoring program could be successful in universities including medical faculty.  Methods: The SMART principles of specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound are essential to structure the matching between mentor and mentee. The rule of etiquette and ethical issues are crucial and beneficial for mentor mentee relationship. Clinical mentoring programs help to develop students’ clinical skills and can increase interest in under-subscribed specialties. Positive mentoring plays a part in reversing the decline of academic medicine, by sparking interest through early research experiences.  Results: There is the short term goal which is to introduce an immediate support network for incoming students and the long term goal is to cultivate a mentoring culture to engage all strata of medical students and every faculty member. Medical students expressed that mentoring program is to provide counselling, develop professionalism, increase students' interest in research, and support them in their personal growth.  Conclusion: The goal of mentorship is to provide additional support to student or mentee by steering of the academic needs or social prerequisites to accelerate the personal and professional development of mentee with advice, guide and feed backs from the mentor.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is spreading worldwide and becomes a major cause of mortality. In addition to major pathology in lungs such as pneumonia or respiratory failure, multiorgan failure and frequently haematological disorders such as thromboembolic manifestations are leading causes of mortality. This study reviews the interaction of the immune system with target cells, the role of cytokines and other components such as complements encountered in the pathophysiology of major disease processes and possible post-recovery complications. Although there are some clinical effects induced by strong immune reactions, long term immunity against the virus is found in the majority.

A health care system is an organised plan of health services that manage health care to a specified society. Health care system involves a network of organisations, governance, facilities, and health care providers. A successful health care system requires qualified services to all populations whenever and wherever they need. Objective: This article has two main purposes. 1) To ascertain the management of health care system in Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and 2) to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Method: The comparison study is based on the electronic databases such as Scopus, Web of Sciences, PubMed, ProQuest and SAGE. The study was used databases published between 2015-2019, and using OECD and World Bank health data. Results: The Canada, Australia, and New Zealand have similar health care services and pharmaceutical expenses. Although all the similarity in health care services are easy access and comprehensive, the additional purchase of insurance is still required in each country. Conclusion: This study concluded that the Universal Health Coverage is politically achievable and fiscally feasible by considering the depth and scope of its coverage. After comparing the results of the accessibility and quality of health services in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, the data suggested that the health care systems of these countries are relatively adequate.