The effect of soil tillage operation on soil biological properties has not been extensively studied in Hungary. We investigated some soil biological enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, and phosphatase) of a Luvisol, treated by different tillage, management intensities, i.e., conservation tillage (CT), fully conventional tillage with mouldboard ploughing every year (PT), and moderately conventional tillage with shallow and deep ripping intermittently in every two years (BR). A pot experiment was carried out in climate-controlled growth chamber for six weeks as a model experiment, of using the composite soils (0-20 depth) with the three types of tillage intensity. Our finding suggested, that adding of the crop residues might increase the soil organic matter content, that is reflected by the high concentration of labile carbon in the CT soil. The greater intensified soil aeration at the conventional tillage operation, contributed to the much higher dehydrogenase activity in the PT and the BR soil. Otherwise, the higher aeration of soil resulted a decreased β-glucosidase activity in the conventional tillage (BR) soil. The high phosphorus availability of soil correlated by the lowest phosphatase enzymatic activity and the improved available P ratio in CT soil, indicating the inhibition of phosphatase activity. The soil biological enzymatic activities was shown to be affected by the presence of different substrates at the three management practices.
A labilis szén (LOC) tartalom, az active szén (POXC=permanganát oxidálható szén) mérése a talajok mikrobiális aktivitásának a kimutatását szolgáló módszer. Célja a növények és a mikroorganizmusok számára is elérhető széntartalom megállapítása. Az LOC a szerves anyagok egy kis- és könnyen oxidálható része, a mikrobiális biomassza és a szénhidrát molekulák szén-tartalmának a mérésével, érzékenyebb a talajon végzett beavatkozásokra a teljes vagy összes szerves szén-tartalommal (TOC) összehasonlítva. Méréséinket tenyészedényes és szabadföldi kísérletekben végeztük, egy savanyú kémhatású gyenge P-ellátottságú és alacsony szervesanyag tartalmú agyagbemosódásos barna erdőtalajon (pH=4,9; Humusz=1.64 %; felvehető P2O5=66 mg kg-1), valamint egy semleges kémhatású magas P és szervesanyag tartalmú típusos réti talajon (pH=6.75; Humusz=2.53 %; felvehető P2O5=303 mg kg-1), kukorica (Zea mays) tesztnövénnyel. Vizsgálataink alapján a talajok LOC-tartalma jól szemlélteti a talajtípusok közötti különbséget, összefüggésben az eltérő kémhatású és szervesanyag tartalmú talajok biológiai aktivitásával. A talaj kémhatásának CaO kezeléssel való javítása hatással van a biológiai aktivitás, így a labilis szén-tartalom növekedésére is. Tenyészedényes kísérletben kereskedelmi mikrobiális oltóanyagok (Pseudomonas putida, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus circulans, B. megaterium, Funneliformis-, Claroideoglomus- és Rhizophagus sp.) hatását az LOC-tartalom növekedése mindkét talajtípuson jelezni tudta. Szabadföldi körülmények között azonban nem találtunk különbséget az oltóanyagok hatására, mivel az LOC jellegzetes időbeli változását a talaj nedvességtartalma és a talajszerkezet időbeli – pl. vetés utáni – változásai is befolyásolni képesek.
Soil organic matter is a biological system that functions as an integrated whole. These assemblies have different properties, functions, and decomposition times. SOM is one of the main determinants of soil productivity. Our studies were carried out in a temperate deciduous oak forest on Luvisols soil. In the DIRT Project (Detritus Input and Removal Treatments), the following treatments were applied: Double Litter, Double Wood, Control, No Litter, No Root and No Input. Our objective was to compare the effect of withdrawal or doubling of organic matter on the protein pattern of the soil and the biological activity and changes in labile C (permanganate-oxidizable carbon) content in a long-term organic matter manipulation experiment. Patterns of thermostable proteins, soil dehydrogenase enzyme activity, CO2 emission, and POXC content were measured at the most biologically active soil depth of 0–5 cm after 23 years of treatment. Our results show that the enzyme activities of the litter removal treatments were significantly reduced compared to the doubling treatments, as were the values of soil respiration. The same significant difference was also detected in the C content of the soils of the treatments. Based on cluster analysis of the protein profile of the soil samples, the No Litter and No Input treatments were significantly different from the other treatments. This shows that specific organic matter is needed to enhance soil biological activity and the associated POXC content.
Conservation tillage (CT) is a ploughless tillage with a reduced number of operations, and its positive effect on soil functions and health is widely known. Multivariate analyses are required to choose indicators that adequately characterize the changes in soil health. However, there is little research on the comprehensive analysis of the full spectrum of soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Therefore, we examined 21 soil parameters in a long‐term CT experiment conducted in Hungary. Four pairs of similarly sized CT and conventional ploughing tillage (PT) plots were set up in 2003 on Luvisols. The soil samples were collected after 17 years. The total organic carbon (TOC) increased significantly in the 0–15 cm layer at CT sites compared to those in PT, indicating a total increase of 5.22 t ha−1 TOC stock. In addition, the increasing biological activity and improved soil structure were the most important processes at the CT sites. Furthermore, more complex humic substances with higher molecular weights are characteristic of water‐extractable organic matter (WEOM) as a result of CT. The potentially available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were also measured with a relatively high response ratio. Slowly changing parameters, such as cation exchange capacity and base saturation, are important soil physical and chemical parameters, but are not good indicators of the impact of tillage practices. Based on principal component analysis, we suggest the use of water‐extractable organic C, amino‐nitrogen, water‐stable aggregates, available P and K and photometric analysis of WEOM to identify the soil improving processes.
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