In this work, tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) nanosheets were obtained from bulk WS 2 by electrochemical exfoliation and employed for the development of novel, sensitive and selective sensor for the determination of chlorpromazine (CPZ). It is worth mentioning that for the first time a glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with WS 2 sheets is employed for the quantitative voltammetric determination of CPZ in human urine samples. A pair of well-defined reversible CPZ redox peaks (560 and 500 mV) is observed at WS 2 modified GC electrode due to the high surface area and excellent electrocatalytic activity of WS 2 sheets towards CPZ oxidation and reduction reaction. The GC/WS 2 sheets modified electrode exhibited a low detection limit of 4 μM towards CPZ. Further, the sensitivity of the GC/WS 2 sheets modified electrode is found to be 1.416 μA cm −2 mM −1 over a linear range of 0−0.69 mM. Finally, the application of as-fabricated electrode for determination of CPZ in human urine samples is demonstrated.
The maximum allowed limits of chlorpromazine (CPZ) established by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for children aged between 1 and 5 years is 0.125 mM and between 6 to 12 years is 0.235 mM. However, excess consumption of CPZ beyond these permissible limit cause adverse health effects. In order to detect CPZ, herein, we employ NiFe-layered double hydroxide sheets modified glassy carbon electrode (GC/NiFe LDH). The GC/NiFe LDH electrode exhibited a good electrocatalytic activity towards CPZ detection at a less working potential even in the presence of interferents such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, glucose, sucrose, fructose and acetaminophen. The anodic peak observed at 614 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) corresponds to the oxidation of CPZ and the proposed platform exhibited an excellent linearity in the range 75 μM to 1.0 mM. Further, the GC/NiFe LDH electrode exhibited an excellent sensitivity (1.05 μA μM −1 ), repeatability (0.86% RSD), reproducibility (1.54% RSD) and limit of detection (1.23 μM).
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