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The covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with chitosan (CS) is successfully accomplished via a facile amidation process. The CS-grafted GO (GO-CS) sheets consist of about 64 wt.% CS, which imparts them with a good aqueous solubility and biocompatibility. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of GO-CS are studied. As a novel nanocarrier, GO-CS is applied to load a water-insoluble anticancer drug, camptothecin (CPT), via π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions. It is demonstrated that GO-CS possesses a superior loading capacity for CPT, and the GO-CS-CPT complexes show remarkably high cytotoxicity in HepG2 and HeLa cell lines compared to the pure drug. At the same time, GO-CS is also able to condense plasmid DNA into stable, nanosized complexes, and the resulting GO-CS/pDNA nanoparticles exhibit reasonable transfection efficiency in HeLa cells at certain nitrogen/phosphate ratios. Therefore, the GO-CS nanocarrier is able to load and deliver both anticancer drugs and genes.

Covalently functionalized graphene sheets are prepared by grafting a welldefi ned thermo-responsive poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) via click chemistry. The PNIPAM-grafted graphene sheets (PNIPAM-GS) consist of about 50% polymer, which endows the sheets with a good solubility and stability in physiological solutions. The PNIPAM-GS exhibits a hydrophilic to hydrophobic phase transition at 33 ° C, which is relatively lower than that of a PNIPAM homopolymer because of the interaction between graphene sheets and grafted PNIPAM. Moreover, through π --π stacking and hydrophobic interaction between PNIPAM-GS and an aromatic drug, the PNIPAM-GS is able to load a water-insoluble anticancer drug, camptothecin (CPT), with a superior loading capacity of 15.6 wt-% (0.185 g CPT per g PNIPAM-GS). The in vitro drug release behavior of the PNIPAM-GS-CPT complex is examined both in water and PBS at 37 ° C. More importantly, the PNIPAM-GS does not exhibit a practical toxicity and the PNIPAM-GS-CPT complex shows a high potency of killing cancer cells in vitro. The PNIPAM-GS is demonstrated to be an effective vehicle for anticancer drug delivery.

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We present a novel approach to the fabrication of advanced polymeric nanocomposites from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by incorporation of PVA-grafted graphene oxide. In this work, we have synthesized PVA-grafted graphene oxide (PVA-g-GO) for the strong interfacial adhesion of graphene oxide (GO) to the PVA matrix. It was found that the mechanical properties of PVA were greatly improved by incorporating PVA-g-GO. For example, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the PVA nanocomposite films containing 1 wt % net GO in the PVA-g-GO significantly increased by 88 and 150%, respectively, as compared to unfilled PVA. The elongation at break was also increased by 22%, whereas the GO/PVA nanocomposite containing 1 wt % pristine GO was decreased by 15%. Therefore, the presence of the PVA-g-GO in the PVA matrix could make the PVA not only stronger but also tougher. The strong interfacial adhesion between PVA-g-GO and the PVA matrix was attributed to the good compatibility between PVA-g-GO and the matrix PVA as well as the hydrogen-bonding between them.