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The failure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CD8؉ T cells to control chronic HIV-1 infection could be due to the progressive loss of their capacities to undergo normal memory effector differentiation. We characterized and compared the expressions of CD27, CD28, CD57, and CD62L by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-, cytomegalovirus (CMV)-, and HIV-1-specific CD8 ؉ T cells by six-color, eight-parameter flow cytometry. In contrast to the maturation of EBV-and CMV-specific memory CD8؉ T cells, we found that HIV-1-specific CD8 ؉ T cells did not display coordinated down-regulation of CD27 and up-regulation of CD57 and accumulated in an atypical CD27 high CD57 low subset. Moreover, the accumulation of CD27 high CD57

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