This study showed that the risks for ROP were wide-ranging and included GA and weight, medical conditions and treatment.

Summary Background Healthy work environment has a significant impact on patients, health care workers, and organizations. Objectives In a trial to set up strategies to control stressors and weaknesses in the work environment, the present study took place in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) to explore the work environment and its impact on the organization commitment and caring efficacy of health care providers. Methods This study is a descriptive cross‐sectional study, conducted over a period of 9 months starting from October 2018. A self‐administered questionnaire, based on “The American Association of Critical Care Nurses Standards for Establishing and Sustaining Healthy Work Environments” and “Brewer & Look's organizational commitment scale and theory of self‐efficacy,” was given to 63 physicians and 73 nurses of PICUs at Cairo University Children Hospital in Egypt. Results Nurses were significantly more pleased with their work climate and more committed to their organization and had higher self‐efficacy than physicians. A significant direct correlation was detected between healthy environment perception and organizational commitment and between organization commitment and perceived caring efficacy. Conclusion and Recommendations The study findings might be incorporated into practice to create a positive PICUs' environment, enhance staff satisfaction, and efficiency to promote quality of care paying attention to the junior staff especially physicians. Additional studies are required to recognize the coping strategies that health care providers use and to test the effectiveness of professional development program along with healthy environment interventions.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) share the common risk factors of perinatal inflammation and oxidative stress exposure. Moreover, both diseases have a genetic background. Aim of work: is to explore the ROP prevalence and severity among preterm infants diagnosed with BPD and to identify and examine the shared risk factors. Patients and methods:This was a retrospective case-control study consisting of 44 preterm infants with BPD and 62 gestational age-matched controls. Infants' birth and postnatal medical records were revised. Results:BPD and ROP corresponded with the duration of administration of CPAP, oxygen blender, head box, incubator oxygen, mechanical ventilation, duration of admission, oxygenation, caffeine citrate, TPN, administration and duration of inhaled steroids, inotropic support, surfactant administration, PDA, ICH, PRBCs and plasma transfusion, LOS and infectious episodes. Severe cases of ROP occurred in BPD cases, and this connection extended to varying grades in both diseases. The use of inotropic support was the most predisposing factor to BPD. By contrast, utilizing mechanical ventilation was the most predisposing factor to ROP. Conclusions: BPD and ROP share common risk factors, and there is a connection between them in regard to the varying grades of severity. Though, hemodynamic instability, longer inotropic support, hemodynamically significant PDA, prolonged mechanical ventilation act as cofactors.

Background: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in preterm infants have been associated with increased risk of short-term morbidities, as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Aim of work: To study the relationship between RBC transfusions and short-term morbidities in preterm infants. Patients and Methods: Retrospectively, the relationship between RBC transfusions, number of transfusions and short-term morbidities were investigated in the first week and month over two years from 1 st March 2018 to 29 th February, 2020. One hundred sixty-one preterm infants were included: 91 females and 70 males who were ≤ 32 weeks of gestation and 1500 grams. Results: First week transfusions significantly correlated with the incidence and severity of ROP and BPD (P-value 0.012 & 0.014 for ROP) and (Pvalue 0.001 for the incidence and severity of BPD) and only the incidence of NEC and ICH regardless of the number of transfusions (P-value <0.001 for both), except for the outcome, where number of transfusions was significant in addition (P-value 0.007) compared to a highly significant outcome in relation to first week transfusion (P-value <0.001). First month transfusions were considerably associated with the incidence and severity of ROP (P-value <0.001 for both) and only associated with the incidence of NEC, ICH, and BPD (P-value of <0.001 for all). First month number of transfusions significantly correlated with the incidence and severity of BPD (P-value 0.024 & and 0.006 respectively) and the outcome (P-value 0.004). Conclusion: RBCs transfusion should be limited to the extremely indicated preterm infants especially in the first month of life.

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