Reversible protein phosphorylation is a key event in numerous biological processes. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the most powerful analysis tool in modern phosphoproteomics. However, the direct MS analysis of phosphorylated proteins/peptides is still a big challenge because of the low abundance and insufficient ionization of phosphorylated proteins/peptides as well as the suppression effects of nontargets. Enrichment of phosphorylated proteins/peptides by affinity materials from complex biosamples is the most widely used strategy to enhance the MS detection. The demand of efficiently enriching phosphorylated proteins/peptides has spawned diverse affinity materials based on different enrichment principles (e.g., electronic attraction, chelating). In this review, we summarize the recent development of various affinity materials for phosphorylated proteins/peptides enrichment. We will highlight the design and fabrication of these affinity materials, discuss the enrichment mechanisms involved in different affinity materials, and suggest the future challenges and research directions in this field.

China has increased its vegetation coverage and enhanced its terrestrial carbon sink through ecological restoration since the end of the 20th century. However, the temporal variation in vegetation carbon sequestration remains unclear, and the relative effects of climate change and ecological restoration efforts are under debate. By integrating remote sensing and machine learning with a modelling approach, we explored the biological and physical pathways by which both climate change and human activities (e.g., ecological restoration, cropland expansion, and urbanization) have altered Chinese terrestrial ecosystem structures and functions, including vegetation cover, surface heat fluxes, water flux, and vegetation carbon sequestration (defined by gross and net primary production, GPP and NPP). Our study indicated that during 2001–2018, GPP in China increased significantly at a rate of 49.1–53.1 TgC/yr2, and the climatic and anthropogenic contributions to GPP gains were comparable (48%–56% and 44%–52%, respectively). Spatially, afforestation was the dominant mechanism behind forest cover expansions in the farming‐pastoral ecotone in northern China, on the Loess Plateau and in the southwest karst region, whereas climate change promoted vegetation cover in most parts of southeastern China. At the same time, the increasing trend in NPP (22.4–24.9 TgC/yr2) during 2001–2018 was highly attributed to human activities (71%–81%), particularly in southern, eastern, and northeastern China. Both GPP and NPP showed accelerated increases after 2010 because the anthropogenic NPP gains during 2001–2010 were generally offset by the climate‐induced NPP losses in southern China. However, after 2010, the climatic influence reversed, thus highlighting the vegetation carbon sequestration that occurs with ecological restoration.

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Combination delivery systems composed of injectable hydrogels and drug-incorporated micelles or nanoparticles with tunable and convenient properties for clinical operation and storage are urgently demanded in regional cancer chemotherapy to prolong and control drug release, enhance antitumor efficiency and decrease side effects. Previously, we developed a novel thermosensitive amphiphilic triblock copolymer, poly (3-caprolactone-co-1,4,8-trioxa[4.6]spiro-9-undecanone)-poly(ethylene glycol)poly (3-caprolactone-co-1,4,8-trioxa[4.6]spiro-9-undecanone) (PECT), and fabricated a reconstituted "two into one" combination system of thermosensitive injectable hydrogel PTX/PECT Gel , assembled from paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded PECT nanoparticles (NPs). PTX/PECT Gel could be stored as freeze-dried powders of paclitaxel-loaded PECT NPs, which could be reconstituted into aqueous fluid dispersions at ambient temperature just by mixing with water after gentle stirring for several minutes, and form a hydrogel at the injected site in vivo. Herein, the drug release, in vivo morphology, antitumor efficiency and pharmacokinetic properties of PTX/PECT Gel were evaluated. The PTX/PECT Gel combination system could continuously release PTX in a near linear manner over 42 days in vitro, and simultaneously, PTX/PECT NPs containing 75% of the total released PTX could dissociate from the PTX/PECT Gel . PTX/PECT Gel exhibited remarkable in vitro anti-proliferative activities against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cancer cells. The peritumorally or intratumorally injected PECT gel could cover the entire surface or fill up the interior space of the tumor, respectively. A single peritumoral injection of the PTX/PECT Gel formulation at a low dosage of 10 mg kg À1 could completely inhibit the growth of an EAC tumor inoculated in Balb/c mice after the first week, and the inhibition could be sustained for more than 21 days. The plasma pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that PTX/PECT Gel could greatly decrease the systemic exposure of PTX, as confirmed by the rather low plasma concentration. On the other hand, the PTX concentration in normal tissues with the intratumoral injection of PTX/PECT Gel was approximately 2 mg g À1 , which was 3-10 times lower than that with the intraperitoneal or intratumoral injection of TaxolÒ, implying fewer off-target side effects. These data confirmed that the PTX/PECT Gel combination local delivery system could vastly prolong the in vitro and in vivo paclitaxel release, enhance the local tumor inhibition effect and lower the systemic exposure and tissue distribution of paclitaxel. Hence, the "two into one" PTX/PECT Gel system holds underlying value for regional cancer chemotherapy.

There is a great appeal to develop an omnipotent player combining lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with the capacitive storage communities. Hybrid capacitors as a kind of promising energy storage device are attracting increasing attention in the main playground in recent years. Unlike supercapacitors (SCs) and LIBs, hybrid capacitors combine a capacitive electrode with a Faradaic battery electrode. In these hybrid cells, the capacitive electrode brings the power while the energy mainly comes from the Faradaic one. Numerous efforts have been conducted in the past decades; however, the research about hybrid capacitors is still at its infancy stage, and it is not expected to replace LIBs or SCs in the near future utterly. Here, the advances of hybrid capacitors, including insertiontype materials, lithium-ion capacitors, and sodium-ion capacitors, are reviewed. This review aims to offer useful guidance for the design of faradic battery electrodes and hybrid cell construction. Brief challenges and opportunities for future research on hybrid capacitors are finally presented.

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652 wileyonlinelibrary.com www.particle-journal.com www.MaterialsViews.com CeO 2 nanocrystals (CN) with different morphologies (i.e., cube, octahedron, and rod) are prepared and the facet-dependent effect of these CeO 2 nanocrystals on the adsorption and dephosphorylation of phosphorylated molecules is investigated for the fi rst time using the model p-nitrophenyl disodium orthophorphate (p-NPP). Due to their different surface atomic confi gurations, the {111} and {110} facets have much higher adsorption capacity and kinetic catalytic activities than {100} facets. All the CeO 2 nanocrystals can intensely promote the dephosphorylation reaction owing to the strong interaction between Ce cations and phosphoryl oxygens resulting in the cleavage of phosphoester bonds. As was expected, the above facet-dependent effect can be verifi ed by the practical application results of the CeO 2 nanocrystals on the capture and dephosphorylation of phosphopeptides. Thus, surface engineering could be a useful and feasible strategy for not only fundamentally understanding the interaction between crystal facets and molecules but also effectively developing high-performance functional materials.structure of a nanomaterial dominated with specifi c exposed facets can intensively affect the adsorptive and catalytic performance due to the different terminated surface atomic geometries and activities of facets. For example, anatase TiO 2 crystals with different exposed facets had different photoreactivities due to the cooperative effects of surface atomic coordination and band structure. [ 3 ] Cu 2 O nanocrystals with different uniform exposed facets showed morphology-dependent catalytic selectivity in the catalysis of propylene oxidation with O 2 . [ 4 ] Hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) architectures with different dominant facets had heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysis effi ciencies in the visible-light-induced RhB degradation with H 2 O 2 at near neutral pH and the reactivity trend can be rationalized as exposed facets in the order {110}>{012}>{001}. [ 5 ] Thus, the nanocrystals with well-defi ned crystal facets are vital for us to explore and understand the effect of different crystal facets on the surface adsorption and catalysis. Moreover, the control of crystal facets for tailoring material properties can be an advisable strategy for the development of high-performance functional materials.Ceria (CeO 2 ), an intriguing rare earth oxide, is one of the most widely investigated materials for its unique properties such as distinctive oxygen defect properties and excellent oxygen storage/ release capacities. [ 6 ] CeO 2 has been exhibiting many promising applications spanning a wide variety of fi elds, including organic catalysis, fuel cells, ceramic additives, phosphor/luminescence, chemical-mechanical polishing for microelectronics and free radical scavenger in biomedical fi eld. [ 7 ] Specifi cally, ceria nanoparticles have been employed based on its unique properties for the adsorption and dephosphorylation of phosphorylated molecules, which...

Supplementing nano zero valent iron (nZVI) is an attractive technology for wastewater treatment due to its advantages in accelerating the hydrolysis, fermentation and anaerobic digestion (AD) process. In this present study, nZVI was added to investigate its effects on enhancing tetracycline (TC) wastewater anaerobic treatment and the changes of microbial community, especially for underestimated syntrophic-methanogenic associations. The TC concentrations were 1, 10, 30, 50, 80, 100 and 150 mg/L with 0.38g nZVI (with iron g/g VS of 0.50) complemented into reactors. Results revealed that nZVI could enhance AD process in both control and TC dosed systems, and the promoting effect on methanogenesis was more significant in systems of high concentration TC, with 100 and 150 mg/L. In addition, cumulative CH4 production for all TC added systems without nZVI were higher than the control indicating TC had positive effect instead of expected negative effect on AD process, high TC concentration of 100 and 150 mg/L only affecting the increase factor rather than causing inhibitory effect. After digestion, TC was largely removed in with/without nZVI systems. And also, nZVI evidently altered the bacterial and methanogenic community structure, with an increase abundance of syntrophic-methanogenic associations (Syntrophobacterales and Methanosarcinales) 33 and resulting in the enhancement of methane generation. This research provides an efficient method for TC wastewater anaerobic treatment.