We investigated whether inhibition of nuclear factor-B (NF B) increases the efficacy of paclitaxel in in vitro

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Whether or not inhibition of NFB increases the efficacy of cisplatin in in vitro and in vivo ovarian cancer models was investigated. We compared the basal levels of phosphorylation of IB␣ and activity of NFB between cisplatin-sensitive A2780 cells and cisplatin-resistant Caov-3 cells. The basal levels of phosphorylation of IB␣ and activity of NFB in Caov-3 cells were significantly higher than those in A2780 cells. Cisplatin caused a more marked decrease in the phosphorylation of IB␣ and activity of NFB in A2780 cells than in Caov-3 cells. Thus, high basal levels of phosphorylation of IB␣ and activation of NFB and less marked inhibition of the phosphorylation of IB␣ and activation of NFB by cisplatin seem to reduce the sensitivity of cells to cisplatin. Inhibition of NFB activity either by treatment with the IB␣ phosphorylation inhibitor (BAY 11-7085) or a specific NFB nuclear translocation inhibitor (SN-50) or by transfection of p50⌬NLS (which lacks the nuclear localization signal domain) increased the efficacy of both the cisplatin-induced attenuation of IB␣ phosphorylation and NFB activity and the cisplatininduced apoptosis. In addition, treatment with BAY 11-7085 increased the efficacy of the cisplatin-induced attenuation of both the expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and cell invasion through Matrigel. Moreover, treatment with BAY 11-7085 increased the efficacy of the cisplatin-induced inhibition of the intra-abdominal dissemination and production of ascites using athymic nude mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Caov-3 cells. These results suggest that combination therapy of cisplatin with the NFB inhibitor should increase the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin.The sensitivity of cells to chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis appears to depend on the balance between proapoptotic and antiapoptotic signals. Therefore, it is possible that antiapoptotic signals such as the PI3K 1 -Akt survival cascade are involved in sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. We reported that Akt inactivation sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin (1) and paclitaxel (2), suggesting that Akt inactivation could be a hallmark for examining the sensitivity of cells to some chemotherapeutic drugs. Possible mechanisms by which Akt promotes cell survival include phosphorylation and inactivation of the proapoptotic proteins BAD and caspase-9 (3, 4). Akt also phosphorylates and inactivates the Forkhead transcription factors, resulting in reduced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 Kip1 and the Fas ligand (5-7). Via the phosphorylation of IB kinase, Akt also activates NFB, a transcription factor that has been implicated in cell survival (8,9).NFB is activated in certain cancers and in response to chemotherapy and radiation. NFB normally resides in the cytoplasm as an inactivated form in a complex with IB␣. Phosphorylation of IB␣ by upstream kinases promotes its degradation, allowing NFB to translocate to the nucleus and induce target genes (6, 7). The transcriptional activation of genes associa...

The influence of postoperative estrogen replacement therapy on the sensitivity of ovarian cancer to paclitaxel remains elusive. We examined whether estrogen affects paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in the Caov-3 human ovarian cancer cell line, which expresses estrogen receptor. 17beta-Estradiol (E2) significantly reversed the paclitaxel-induced apoptosis and reduction of cell viability, and a highly selective estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI182,780, and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, attenuated the reversal effect of E2 on paclitaxel-induced apoptosis and reduction of cell viability. E2 significantly induced the phosphorylation of Akt. Akt and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) were physically associated, and E2 induced the phosphorylation of ASK1 at serine-83, which is a consensus Akt phosphorylation site. We confirmed a previous report showing that paclitaxel induces cell damage via the ASK1-c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) cascade. E2 inhibited the paclitaxel-induced JNK activation, and the E2-induced inhibition of the paclitaxel-induced JNK activation was attenuated in cells treated with either ICI182,780 or LY294002 or transfected with ASK1S83A, in which a consensus Akt phosphorylation site at serine-83 was converted to alanine. The inhibitory effect of E2 on the paclitaxel-induced reduction of cell viability and apoptosis was diminished in cells transfected with ASK1S83A. These results indicate that E2 inhibits paclitaxel-induced cell damage by inhibiting JNK activity via phosphorylation of Akt-ASK1. Thus, treatment of ovarian cancer with paclitaxel might be less effective in the setting of postoperative estrogen replacement therapy.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether nedaplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) using high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-ICBT) is superior to radiotherapy (RT) alone in patients with FIGO stage IIIb cervical cancer. Methods: The records of 41 consecutive women treated either with nedaplatin-based CCRT using HDR-ICBT (n = 20) or RT alone (nonrandomized control group, n = 21) for stage IIIb cervical cancer were retrospectively reviewed. The activity and toxicity were compared between the two treatment groups. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were the main endpoints. Results: The 5-year overall survival rates in the CCRT and RT groups were 65 and 33.3%, respectively. The median OS of the CCRT and RT groups were 60 and 29 months, respectively. CCRT was significantly superior to RT alone with regard to PFS (p = 0.0015) and OS (p = 0.0364). The frequency of acute grade 3–4 toxicity was significantly higher in the CCRT group than in the RT group. However, no statistically significant difference was observed with regard to severe late toxicity. Conclusions: Nedaplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy was safely performed and significantly improved the prognosis of patients with FIGO stage IIIb cervical cancer. This treatment can be considered as an alternative to cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy in this patient population.

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Our findings suggest that both E2 and raloxifene inhibited the MCP-1-induced monocyte migration through nongenomic ERalpha. This result may explain one of the antiatherosclerotic effects of E2 and raloxifene on vasculature.

In our study, TLH can be performed successfully in patients with a history of abdominal surgery.