Organic acids are important targeted chemicals worldwide due to their variety of functionalities in various fields. Organic acids can be produced through chemical processes of fossil raw materials as well as by the microbial fermentation of natural occurring biomass. Because of growing environmental concern, the production pathways are shifting toward biobased green technologies. The primary challenge in the biological synthesis of organic acids is the downstream recovery of the main products from the fermentation broth/aqueous stream. Among the various techniques for the downstream processing, reactive (liquid) extraction is deemed as a great opportunity for this purpose. It is an energy-saving process with flexibility in production scale and a high degree of separation and selectivity. In this review, starting with highlighting the bioproduction and various alternatives available for the recovery of organic acids from aqueous solution, the reactive extraction, an intensified approach is described in detail. The influence of reactive extraction parameters, insights of equilibrium and kinetic mechanisms, and thermodynamic aspects are discussed and analyzed. Different theoretical models for process optimization, determination of equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters, and quantification of solvents' effect are also explained in detail. This paper also highlights recent experimental and theoretical studies for the recovery of different organic acids using amine, phosphorus, and ionic liquid based extractants from fermentation broth/ industrial waste streams. In addition, industrial development on the recovery of organic acids using the reactive extraction approach is also described.

Careers are a reality of life that need to be considered as multi-dimensional in today’s modern societies. Choosing a career is a complex process that coincides with high school and university ages, creating psycho-social stress. Considering the literature, the effects of different environmental factors have been revealed in separate studies. This study examines both individual and environmental factors together. By adopting a quantitative research method, we collected cross-sectional data through online questionnaires from 1130 university students. The association of family influence and academic satisfaction with happiness through career decision self-efficacy was meaningful using gender, age, income, and parents’ education as control variables. Family influence and academic satisfaction were positively correlated with career decision self-efficacy and happiness. In conclusion, we found that family influence and support, students’ work, and academic satisfaction are positively significant in terms of the career process and happiness. It was understood that the career reality should be considered with a holistic view that includes family, school, and work experience.

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