INTRODUCTIONGlobal reports, in the year 2010, stated that diabetes accounted for 12% of the total health expenditure or around 376 billion dollars, which is expected to cross 490 billion dollars by 2030. Due to lack of resources and limited infrastructures, many developing countries face an hurdle to manage the epidemic of diabetes. As per the recent report of international diabetes federation, 415 million individuals are diabetic globally and it is likely to peak around 642 million by the year 2040, and worldwide, every 1 in 11 individuals are found to be detected diabetic, but unfortunately 46.5% of them remain undiagnosed and three-fourth of them live in low-and middle-income nations with 5 million of global deaths being currently attributed to diabetes. [1,2] Majority of the people with diabetes fall in the age group of 45-64 years in the low economic countries. This productive group is expected to drive the economic engine of the country to achieve the required international development goals. Along with the reduced productivity, diabetes tends to further impose a high economic burden on nation in terms Background: As an emerging epidemic of the 21 st century, diabetes would threaten to overwhelm the health-care system in the coming years posing a major challenges to patients and national economies. Currently, 415 million adults are found to be diabetic which is likely to cross 642 million by 2040. Awareness and health-seeking behavior are important in the reduction of burden of the disease and its long-term complications. Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the awareness of Type 2 diabetes mellitus among the general and diabetic population in the rural community of Mangalore. Materials and Methods: A Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in rural population among subjects aged 35 years and above. Based on the prevalence rate of 16.6% by Rao et al., 226 subjects were interviewed by systematic random sampling method, and among them, 64 were found to be diabetic at the time of the survey. Results: Of 226 persons interviewed, 28.8% were aware of symptoms, 31.9% were aware of risk factors, and among them, majority were aware of increased intake of sweets in association with diabetes, and 49.6% were aware of warning signs of hypoglycemia. Only 22.6% were aware of complications of diabetes. Mean awareness score was 21.23 among diabetics than compared with the general population, 17.07 (P < 0.05). Overall awareness of diabetes among the subjects was found to be <50%. Conclusion:The study highlighted the low awareness status in this population for which there is a need for an effective health education program in the community in prevention and long-term control of diabetes.
A cross sectional study on knowledge and perception about risk factors of selected vector borne diseases among the population of rural field practice areas of KSHEMA
Background: Malnutrition is defined as a pathological state resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency or excess of one or more essential nutrients. Weight for age, height for age and weight for height are usually used to describe the nutritional status of children. The present study was done to compare the anthropometric measurements of children attending urban and rural anganwadi centres.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in children aged three to six years attending 34 anganwadi centres of a coastal district of Karnataka. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight and mid arm circumference was measured using standard methods. Malnutrition was assessed based on WHO z scores. Statistical analysis used: Data was expressed in Percentages and frequencies. Comparison of anthropometric measurements were done using chi square analysis.Results: 25.5% of the children attending urban anganwadis were underweight, 10% severely underweight, 15.5% stunted, 2.5% severely stunted, 24% wasted and 8.5% severely wasted. 18.5% of children attending rural anganwadis were underweight, 6.8% severely underweight, 11.8% stunted, 3.2% severely stunted, 15.2% wasted and 4.5% were severely wasted. The prevalence of wasting was significantly higher (p=0.006) in children attending urban anganwadi centres compared to rural centres.Conclusions: Urban anganwadis had a higher prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting. Underweight and stunting was higher in females compared to males whereas wasting was found almost equally in both the genders.
Background: Diabetes is considered as an "iceberg disease". According to latest WHO estimates the number of people with diabetes worldwide in 2000 is 171 million which is likely to increase to at least 366 million by 2030.Indian Diabetes Risk Score is useful for identifying undiagnosed diabetic subjects in India and includes four risk factors: Age, Abdominal obesity, Family history of diabetes and Physical activity in predicting diabetes. Objectives: To Validate the Indian Diabetic Risk score for detecting undiagnosed diabetics in a Semi urban population. Material and Methodology: The study was a validation study conducted in the field practice area of K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore in 2015. Universal sampling was done among 80 households to obtain a minimum sample size of 160 participants. Two from each household one being the highest age and one being the middle age among the households were enrolled. Individuals aged 20 years and above were included to validate the Indian Diabetic Risk score. Informed consent was taken before introducing the participants to the study and two Random blood sugars were checked. Results: Out of 160 participants 31.9% were male and 68.1% were female. Indian diabetic risk score >60 were 60%. Mean risk scores was 57.4±2x1.7. Out of 160 respondents, 86.9% were non-diabetic and 13.1% were detected diabetic. There was a significant difference in Indian diabetic risk score among diabetic and non-diabetics (p<0.001). Indian diabetic risk score >60 had sensitivity of 95.2% and specificity of 45.3% in predicting diabetes. Area under ROC was 0.719 (95% CI:0.62-0.81). Conclusion: Indian diabetic risk score can be used as a simple screening tool in predicting and detecting undiagnosed diabetics in the community.
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