Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis is a rare and self-limiting benign disease. 1 KFD is mostly seen in young adults before the age of 30 years with a female predominance, 2 but in children, it is more common in boys. 1 KFD is typically characterized by cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, and skin rash. 3 The etiology of KFD is still unknown, and it can lead to misdiagnosis with other diseases, including lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematosus, or hematological disorders. 4 Although supportive therapy is usually enough for management of KFD, 2 the misdiagnosis can impose patients to unnecessary diagnostic procedures and treatments. In this study, we present a case of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease that was also positive for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Every type of cancer tissue is theoretically more vulnerable to viral infection. This natural proclivity has been harnessed as a new anti-cancer therapy by employing oncolytic viruses (OVs) to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells while providing little or no harm with no toxicity to the host. Whereas the primary oncolytic capabilities of OVs initially sparked the greatest concern, the predominant focus of research is on the association between OVs and the host immune system. Numerous OVs are potent causal agents of class I MHC pathway-related chemicals, enabling early tumor/viral immune recognition and cytokine-mediated response. The modified OVs have been studied for their ability to bind to dendritic cells (DCs) by expressing growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, and defensins inside the viral genome. OVs, like reovirus, can directly infect DCs, causing them to release chemokines and cytokines that attract and excite natural killer (NK) cells. In addition, OVs can directly alter cancer cells’ sensitivity to NK by altering the expression levels of NK cell activators and inhibitors on cancerous cells. Therefore, NK cells and DCs in modulating the therapeutic response should be considered when developing and improving future OV-based therapeutics, whether modified to express transgenes or used in combination with other drugs/immunotherapies. Concerning the close relationship between NK cells and DCs in the potential of OVs to kill tumor cells, we explore how DCs and NK cells in tumor microenvironment affect oncolytic virotherapy and summarize additional information about the interaction mentioned above in detail in this work.
Background: The novel SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic. COVID-19 infection is described by the adverse impact on the population’s health and economy. Coagulopathy is associated with various thrombotic complications and disease severity. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the pathophysiology of this coagulopathy. Methods: Relevant English language literature was searched and retrieved from the Google Scholar search engine and PubMed database. We used “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “Coagulopathy,” “Thrombosis,” “Anticoagulation,” and “ARDS” as keywords. Results: Several studies showed that the primary targets of SARS-CoV-2 are pneumocytes, immune cells, and vascular endothelial cells. Coagulopathy appears to induce more thrombotic complications than hemorrhagic events. The critically ill patients stimulate the coagulopathy state and thrombosis complication through cytokine storm, systemic inflammation, complement cascade, and platelets. Accordingly, thromboembolic complications cause mortality among COVID-19-infected patients and can negatively affect disease management outcomes and treatment. Conclusion: A pivotal clinical feature of acute COVID-19 infection is coagulopathy and prothrombotic events, which are associated with excessive arterial and venous thrombosis, microvascular thrombosis, and adverse clinical outcomes. Therefore, adopting an approach for preventing, treating, and reducing thrombotic and bleeding events in these patients is necessary.
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