Glycation, the non-enzymatic binding of glucose to free amino groups of an amino acid, yields irreversible heterogeneous compounds known as advanced glycation end products. Those products play a significant role in diabetic complications. In the present article we briefly discuss the contribution of advanced glycation end products to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, such as atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and wound healing. Then we mention the various mechanisms by which polyphenols inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products. Finally, recent supporting documents are presented to clarify the inhibitory effects of polyphenols on the formation of advanced glycation end products. Phytochemicals apply several antiglycation mechanisms, including glucose metabolism, amelioration of oxidative stress, scavenging of dicarbonyl species, and up/down-regulation of gene expression. To utilize polyphenols in order to remedy diabetic complications, we must explore, examine and clarify the action mechanisms of the components of polyphenols.

Among infertility factors, the immunological factor that associated with humoral immunity against sperm antigens is one of the causes of human infertility. A hypothesis for the induction of anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) is the cross-reactivity of spermatozoa antigens and exogenous antigens including; bacteria, viruses, fungi and allergens. The presence of anti-sperm Ab, anti-H.pylori and Cag-A and its effect on infertility among male and female have been found. In the current study, 129 male and 38 females (18-59 years) participated. Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) used for detection of ASA, anti-H.pylori Ab and Cag A. The seminal fluid examination test was performed according to an examination and processing of human semen. H.pylori infection can be observed among both of infertile male and females who participated in this study. A significant difference in mean values was observed between the presence of ASA, anti-H.pylori Ab and Cag-A (P-value < 0.000). P-value < 0.000 also observed between Cag A and ASA according to the trauma of testes. The result of the current study showed that about one of a third of males who participated in this study have a history of a microbial infection that can lead to the destruction of testes barrier thus result in the production of auto-antibodies against sperms.

Introduction: -Hypothyroidism the most common thyroid dysfunction appears in thalassemia. The current study aimed to estimate thyroid function through detecting the presence of anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-Thyroglobulin, T3, T4 and TSH.Material and Subject: Cross sectional study carried out on 100 patients with thalassemia major (52 male and 48 female) with average age (13.9 ± 10.0) years. Tests of thyroid function (TSH, T4, and T3) were estimate via using an automated quantitative COBAS e411. While, Anti-thyroglobulin and Anti-Thyroid peroxidase were estimated by using ELISA technique. Results: Euthyroid was enrolled in 67 (67%) of 100 patients who suffer from thalassemia major. While, 31 (31%) have subclinical of hypothyroidism and only 2 patients (2%) patients were overt hypothyroidism. Among these 100 patients, Anti-thyroid peroxidase was detected in 26 patients (26%) and anti-thyroglobulin test was positive in 18 patients (18%). Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is frequent in thalassemia patients. The main thyroid dysfunction hypothyroidism and autoimmune disease also frequents in thalassemia patients.

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