The Mechanisms of Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End Products Formation through Polyphenols in Hyperglycemic Condition

Abstract

Glycation, the non-enzymatic binding of glucose to free amino groups of an amino acid, yields irreversible heterogeneous compounds known as advanced glycation end products. Those products play a significant role in diabetic complications. In the present article we briefly discuss the contribution of advanced glycation end products to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, such as atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and wound healing. Then we mention the various mechanisms by which polyphenols inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products. Finally, recent supporting documents are presented to clarify the inhibitory effects of polyphenols on the formation of advanced glycation end products. Phytochemicals apply several antiglycation mechanisms, including glucose metabolism, amelioration of oxidative stress, scavenging of dicarbonyl species, and up/down-regulation of gene expression. To utilize polyphenols in order to remedy diabetic complications, we must explore, examine and clarify the action mechanisms of the components of polyphenols.

Use of agro‐industrial residues as potent antioxidant, antiglycation agents, and α‐amylase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity

“…(Alam et al, ), and caffeic acid significantly decreased AGEs levels (carboxymethyllysine and pentosidine) (Chao, Mong, Chan, & Yin, ). Polyphenols can inhibit the glycation process by two mechanisms: indirectly, through the elimination of free radicals (Lunceford & Gugliucci, ), and directly, by the interception of reactive carbonyl species, inhibition of AGEs precursor formation and reduction of vascular expression of the receptor for AGE (Khangholi, Majid, Berwary, Ahmad, & Aziz, ).…”

Capability of polygonum cuspidatum extract in inhibiting AGEs and preventing diabetes

“…Glycation (nonenzymatic glycosylation) is a binding reaction between the carbonyl group of a reducing sugar and an amino group of proteins, lipids, or peptides and finally generates the heterogeneous compounds advanced glycation end products (AGEs) (Masaki, Okano, & Sakurai, ). AGEs exert adverse effects on cell functions based on the mechanisms of free radicals production, protein or lipid fragmentation, enzyme activity alternation, and immunogenicity modification (Khangholi, Majid, Berwary, Ahmad, & Aziz, ). Thus, it contributes to the development and progression of diabetes complications, including atherosclerosis, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy (Khangholi et al, ).…”

“…AGEs exert adverse effects on cell functions based on the mechanisms of free radicals production, protein or lipid fragmentation, enzyme activity alternation, and immunogenicity modification (Khangholi, Majid, Berwary, Ahmad, & Aziz, ). Thus, it contributes to the development and progression of diabetes complications, including atherosclerosis, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy (Khangholi et al, ). Diabetes is also caused by insufficient insulin secretion due to dysfunction of pancreas which was reflected by the increasing level of blood glucose, hyperlipidemia, and liver function impairment (Maria, Campolo, & Lacombe, ).…”

“…diabetes complications, including atherosclerosis, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy (Khangholi et al, 2016). Diabetes is also caused by insufficient insulin secretion due to dysfunction of pancreas which was reflected by the increasing level of blood glucose, hyperlipidemia, and liver function impairment (Maria, Campolo, & Lacombe, 2015).…”

Medicinal Plants of Trinidad and Tobago: Selection of Antidiabetic Remedies

“…As more information is coming to light about the mechanism by which phenolics can ameliorate tissue damage resulting from chronic hyperglycemia (Khangholi et al 2016), there is significant merit to the use of medicinal food plants in the diabetic's diet.…”