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The objective of this study was to analyze differences in birth weight and overweight/obesity in a Shanghai twin cohort. We also wanted to study their association and explore possible risk factors for the discordance of overweight/obesity within twins. This was an internal case–control study designed for twins. The 2012 Shanghai Twin Registration System baseline survey data of a total of 3417 twin pairs were statistically analyzed using SPSS22 software. Results show that the body mass index (BMI) of the Shanghai twin population increased with age. Twins with a high birth weight had a higher BMI and a higher rate of overweight and obesity; 0- to 6-year-old twins, male twins and dizygotic (DZ) twins had higher rates of overweight/obesity than other groups. The greater the discordant birth weight rate of twins, the more obvious the difference in BMI (p < .05). There was a significant difference in overweight/obesity between twins with a relative difference of birth weight ≥15% in DZ twins (p < .05). DZ twins, male twins and 0- to 6-year-old twins were more likely to be discordant in overweight/obese than others. The discordant birth weight within twins was not a risk factor for discordant overweight/obesity. However, attention should be paid to childhood obesity, and appropriate interventions should be made at the appropriate time. Genetics may play an important role in the occurrence and development of overweight/obesity. In conclusion, discordant growth and development in the uterus early in life may not lead to discordant weight development in the future.

Objective: Life expectancy had increased from 73.16 to 79.82 years in men and 77.74 to 84.44 years in women during 1990-2010 in Shanghai. The elevating rate was faster than that of most developed countries. This study is to access life expectancy increasedin Shanghai by different age groups and specific diseases.Methods: Arriaga’s decomposition methods were applied to life tables and mortality data (1990-2010) to estimate changes in life expectancy.Results: The largest contributions lied on elderly population (60 years old & above) (4.79-year in men and 4.90-year in women). During 1990-2000, reductions in mortality of respiratory system diseases, especially in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), contributed 1.36-year increase in men and 1.16-year increase in women. During 2000-2010, reductions in mortality of circulatory system diseases, especially in cerebrovascular disease (CVD), contributed 0.82-year increase in men and 1.08-year increase in women.Conclusions: Rapid increases in life expectancy were mostly achieved by declining mortality in aged population and chronic noncommunicable diseases (CND), nevertheless CND were still the main causes of death in Shanghai, which implicated that the prevention strategies for chronic diseases was effective and should be persevered for a long time in the future.