Polyphenols or phenolic compounds are groups of secondary metabolites widely distributed in plants and found in olive mill wastewater (OMW). Phenolic compounds as well as OMW extracts were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Most of the tested phenols were not effective against the four bacterial strains when tested as single compounds at concentrations of up to 1000 μg mL−1. Hydroxytyrosol at 400 μg mL−1 caused complete growth inhibition of the four strains. Gallic acid was effective at 200, and 400 μg mL−1 against S. aureus, and S. pyogenes, respectively, but not against the gram negative bacteria. An OMW fraction called AntiSolvent was obtained after the addition of ethanol to the crude OMW. HPLC analysis of AntiSolvent fraction revealed that this fraction contains mainly hydroxytyrosol (10.3%), verbascoside (7.4%), and tyrosol (2.6%). The combinations of AntiSolvent/gallic acid were tested using the low minimal inhibitory concentrations which revealed that 50/100–100/100 μg mL−1 caused complete growth inhibition of the four strains. These results suggest that OMW specific fractions augmented with natural phenolic ingredients may be utilized as a source of bioactive compounds to control pathogenic bacteria.

The antioxidative response, where ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a key enzyme, is an integral part of the plant tolerance response to environmental stresses. As a first step towards the study of the physiological role and the regulation of the members of the Apx gene family, the orthologs of the stress-sensitive cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82 (Slm) and of the wild salt-tolerant species S. pennellii acc. Atico (Spa) were identified by utilizing the tomato EST database, and characterized. A redundant list of 16 virtual Apx transcripts and four singleton ESTs was shown to correspond to seven genuine Apx genes. The complete tomato Apx gene family is comprised of genes encoding three cytosolic, two peroxisomal, and two chloroplastic APXs. These genes attained differential regulatory patterns in various Slm organs. More detailed study of Apx1 and Apx2 genes, that are the products of a recent gene duplication event, shows that they have already attained differential regulation within and between Slm and Spa under control and stress conditions. It is also suggested that due to lineage-specific gene duplication and lose events, intricate phylogenetic relationships exist among the members of the Apx gene families.

Recent studies show a key role of brain inflammation in epilepsy. However, the mechanisms controlling brain immune response are only partly understood. In the periphery, acetylcholine (ACh) release by the vagus nerve restrains inflammation by inhibiting the activation of leukocytes. Recent reports suggested a similar anti-inflammatory effect for ACh in the brain. Since brain cholinergic dysfunctions are documented in epileptic animals, we explored changes in brain cholinergic gene expression and associated immune response during pilocarpine-induced epileptogenesis. Levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and inflammatory markers were measured using real-time RT-PCR, in-situ hybridization and immunostaining in wild type (WT) and transgenic mice over-expressing the “synaptic” splice variant AChE-S (TgS). One month following pilocarpine, mice were video-monitored for spontaneous seizures. To test directly the effect of ACh on the brain's innate immune response, cytokines expression levels were measured in acute brain slices treated with cholinergic agents. We report a robust up-regulation of AChE as early as 48 h following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). AChE was expressed in hippocampal neurons, microglia, and endothelial cells but rarely in astrocytes. TgS mice overexpressing AChE showed constitutive increased microglial activation, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines 48 h after SE and accelerated epileptogenesis compared to their WT counterparts. Finally we show a direct, muscarine-receptor dependant, nicotine-receptor independent anti-inflammatory effect of ACh in brain slices maintained ex vivo. Our work demonstrates for the first time, that ACh directly suppresses brain innate immune response and that AChE up-regulation after SE is associated with enhanced immune response, facilitating the epileptogenic process. Our results highlight the cholinergic system as a potential new target for the prevention of seizures and epilepsy.

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The application of one-class machine learning is gaining attention in the computational biology community. Different studies have described the use of two-class machine learning to predict microRNAs (miRNAs) gene target. Most of these methods require the generation of an artificial negative class. However, designation of the negative class can be problematic and if it is not properly done can affect the performance of the classifier dramatically and/or yield a biased estimate of performance. We present a study using one-class machine learning for miRNA target discovery and compare one-class to two-class approaches. Of all the one-class methods tested, we found that most of them gave similar accuracy that range from 0.81 to 0.89 while the two-class naive Bayes gave 0.99 accuracy. One and two class methods can both give useful classification accuracies. The advantage of one class methods is that they don’t require any additional effort for choosing the best way of generating the negative class. In these cases one- class methods can be superior to two-class methods when the features which are chosen as representative of that positive class are well defined

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The present study aims at determining the effect of learning chemical reactions, more specifically, how light and photosynthesis with and without drama affected 180 10 th grade (boys and girls) students' achievements in Israeli middle schools. Exams were prepared and distributed to the students before each topic was taught in the relevant class (pre-test). Then the topic was taught through drama and by means of conventional teaching, after which the exam was administered once again as a post-test. The findings showed that learning chemistry with drama contributes both to students' achievements and to their interest in studying chemistry, and it positively affects students' achievements in tenth grade.

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