Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that share components of their parent cells and are attractive in biotechnology and biomedical research as potential disease biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents. Crucial to realizing this potential is the ability to manufacture high‐quality exosomes; however, unlike biologics such as proteins, exosomes lack standardized Good Manufacturing Practices for their processing and characterization. Furthermore, there is a lack of well‐characterized reference exosome materials to aid in selection of methods for exosome isolation, purification, and analysis. This review informs exosome research and technology development by comparing exosome processing and characterization methods and recommending exosome workflows. This review also provides a detailed introduction to exosomes, including their physical and chemical properties, roles in normal biological processes and in disease progression, and summarizes some of the on‐going clinical trials.

During nervous system development, the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a pivotal role through surface topography and microenvironment signals in neurons and neurites maturation. Topography and microenvironment signals act as physical...

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The world is facing an ever-growing global energy crisis with unprecedented depth and complexity. The sustainable development of high energy density lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and portable electric devices has become a feasible way to deal with this problem. Silicon suboxides (SiO x ) have been deemed as one of the most promising anode materials because of their ultrahigh theoretical lithium storage capacity, proper working potential, natural abundance, and environmental friendliness. However, the mass utilization of SiO x -based anodes is severely obstructed by their low electrical conductivity and inevitable volume expansion. While lithium silicate and lithium oxide formed in the first lithiation process act as buffer layers to some extent, it is urgent to address the accompanying low initial Coulombic efficiency and unsatisfactory cycling stability. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the synthesis methods of SiO x -based materials. Besides, the benefits and shortcomings of the various methods are briefly concluded. Then, we discussed the effective combination of SiO x with carbon materials and designs of porous structure, which could considerably enhance the electrochemical performance in detail. Furthermore, progresses on the modified strategies, advanced characteristics and industrial applications for SiO x -based anodes are also mentioned. Finally, the remaining challenges encountered and future perspectives on SiO x -based anodes are highlighted. KEYWORDSSiO x anodes, lithium-ion batteries, synthesis methods, SiO x /C composites, porous