Bioregulators have a great effect on vital processes of plant growth and development. Known plant bioregulators include Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Natural or synthetic plant bioregulators are organic compounds that affect the physiological processes in the plant, either to control some of these processes or to modify them. For example these bioregulators can affect the nature of the process, either by accelerating or decelerating plant growth, rates of maturation and also by altering the behavior of the plants or their products. Also, enhancement of important nutrients in human diet could be achieved by bioregulators. This study uses the model crop plant Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Tomato is affected by a group of bioregulators, this group contains compounds which are powerful antioxidants in vitro. The current study aims to find out the effect of some plant bioregulators (IAA, IBA and NAA) on tomato growth, total protein content and enzyme activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). This study also investigates the effect of the above mentioned bioregulators on the level of RNA expression for SOD, CAT and TPX1 genes. The analytical quantification of target gene expression showed the induced effect of NAA on SOD expression and reducing effect of the other bioregulators (IAA and IBA) on CAT and TPX1 expression. However, at the protein level, we foundthat IBA and IAA caused a minor effect on total protein content while a significant effect was recorded on the total protein level using NAA. Upon measuring the enzyme activity of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase, we found that both the exogenous NAA and IBA stimulated ascorbate peroxidase activity in tomato while there was no considerable difference detected in IAA treated plants. Also, there was no considerable difference detected in catalase activity of all bioregulator-treated plants compared with the control.
Maize is one of the world's most important crops and a model for grass genome research. Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons comprise most of the maize genome; their ability to produce new copies makes them efficient high-throughput genetic markers. Inter-retrotransposon-amplified polymorphisms (IRAPs) were used to study the genetic diversity of maize germplasm. Five LTR retrotransposons (Huck, Tekay, Opie, Ji, and Grande) were chosen, based on their large number of copies in the maize genome, whereas polymerase chain reaction primers were designed based on consensus LTR sequences. The LTR primers showed high quality and reproducible DNA fingerprints, with a total of 677 bands including 392 polymorphic bands showing 58% polymorphism between maize hybrid lines. These markers were used to identify genetic similarities among all lines of maize. Analysis of genetic similarity was carried out based on polymorphic amplicon profiles and genetic similarity phylogeny analysis. This diversity was expected to display ecogeographical patterns of variation and local adaptation. The clustering method showed that the varieties were grouped into three clusters differing in ecogeographical origin. Each of these clusters comprised divergent hybrids with convergent characters. The clusters reflected the differences among maize hybrids and were in accordance with their pedigree. The IRAP technique is an efficient high-throughput genetic marker-generating method.
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