Gasoline is a liquid composed of hydrocarbons, refined from crude petroleum, and characterized by a boiling point. It is difficult to regularly refine these oils, and their scarcity in natural resources makes it problematic to refine them. Gasoline engines produce fewer toxic emissions, like NO x , CO, and CO 2 . On the basis of economical and natural concerns, gasoline can be put back by many alternative fuels. It can be powered by alternative energy sources, like hydrogen, natural gas, ethanol, acetylene, propane, biogas, etc. The performance of these types of fuels in an internal combustion engine is very charming and appropriate for nature. Hydrogen is sustainable, and the amount of energy necessary to create hydrogen is small. Hydrogen engines are more prominent at approximately 30% compared to gasoline engines in terms of direct injection. Ethanol causes 80% less CO emissions after it has been properly blended with gasoline. Natural gas fueling stations are expanding in popularity. After the natural gas percentage is increased in the fuel, high efficiency is achieved at a sustainable performance in the 0.7−0.9 equivalent ratio. (G + 1000 g/h acetylene) has a higher brake thermal efficiency (G + 500 g/ h acetylene). These vehicles, after all, have seen considerable increases in terms of fuel economy, total performance, and substantially reduced emission standards. This study aims to compare various alternative fuels with gasoline by analyzing their availability, engine tests, toxic element emissions, price, etc. Furthermore, a selection criterion for alternative fuel is given in various measuring scales that will be helpful for choosing alternative fuels because fossil fuels are running out.

The present world is now facing the challenge of proper management and resource recovery of the enormous amount of plastic waste. Lack of technical skills for managing hazardous waste, insufficient infrastructure development for recycling and recovery, and above all, lack of awareness of the rules and regulations are the key factors behind this massive pile of plastic waste. The severity of plastic pollution exerts an adverse effect on the environment and total ecosystem. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of plastic waste generation, as well as its effect on the human being and ecological system, is discussed in terms of source identification with respect to developed and developing countries. A detailed review of the existing waste to energy and product conversion strategies is presented in this study. Moreover, this study sheds light on sustainable waste management procedures and identifies the key challenges to adopting effective measures to minimise the negative impact of plastic waste.

One of the biggest concerns of the present century is energy security and climate change. Further, studies suggest that there would be a huge lack of fossil fuels in near future. Moreover, in terms of cleaner production, the most popular and practiced way of power generation is renewable energy sources which are intermittent in nature, require large land area, and also dependent on geographic positions and climatic conditions. Besides, nuclear energy is also having some limitations including government policies and public apprehensions. To overcome these hurdles, these two carbon-free technologies can be integrated and form a nuclear-renewable hybrid energy system (N-R-HES). Literature related to the proposed systems is extremely rare and the systems are not yet well-developed. Keeping that into concern, this paper discusses the operation, status, prospects, and benefits of N-R-HES. Various possible integration techniques along with their operation are discussed in detail. Moreover, six aspects of interconnections are identified: electrical, thermal, chemical, mechanical, hydrogen, and information. The paper also discusses the reactor licensing, permitting procedures along the different benefits of N-R-HES. Additionally, research limitations and needs are identified for further exploration of the topic throughout the paper.

In this paper, the effects of simultaneous air and water cooling on the energy performances of a single-pass hybrid PV/T system are experimentally investigated. Both air and water are used as coolants and are tested at four different mass flow rates, ranging from 0.0014 to 0.0026 kg/s. It is found that the overall efficiency of the PV/T system is dependent on the solar intensity and mass flow rate of coolants. Maximum PV/T system efficiency is found to be 62.2% for a simultaneous flow of water and air at a 0.0026 kg/s flow rate, which is 35.5% higher than the efficiency found at 0.0014 kg/s coolant flow rate. Maximum thermal energy outputs are 85.8 and 211.84 W/m2 while using air- and water-based coolants, respectively. Exergy analysis of the developed system indicates that exergy efficiency increased by up to two times by introducing simultaneous air and water cooling in this PV/T system.

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The advancement in 3D printing has led to the rapid growth of 4D printing technology. Adding time, as the fourth dimension, this technology ushered the potential of a massive evolution in fields of biomedical technologies, space applications, deployable structures, manufacturing industries, and so forth. This technology performs ingenious design, using smart materials to create advanced forms of the 3-D printed specimen. Improvements in Computer-aided design, additive manufacturing process, and material science engineering have ultimately favored the growth of 4-D printing innovation and revealed an effective method to gather complex 3-D structures. Contrast to all these developments, novel material is still a challenging sector. However, this short review illustrates the basic of 4D printing, summarizes the stimuli responsive materials properties, which have prominent role in the field of 4D technology. In addition, the practical applications are depicted and the potential prospect of this technology is put forward.

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