These results suggest that FoxO1, mTOR, serum IGF-1 and a high-glycaemic-load diet may play a role in acne pathogenesis.

Oral isotretinoin is the most effective anti‐acne drug with the strongest sebum‐suppressive effect caused by sebocyte apoptosis. It has been hypothesized that upregulation of nuclear FoxO transcription factors and p53 mediate isotretinoin‐induced sebocyte apoptosis in vivo. It is the aim of our study to analyse the distribution of the pro‐apoptotic transcription factors FoxO1 and FoxO3 in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of human sebocytes in vivo before and during isotretinoin treatment of acne patients. Immunohistochemical analysis of skin biopsies with antibodies distinguishing phosphorylated and non‐phosphorylated human FoxO1 and FoxO3 proteins was performed before isotretinoin treatment, six weeks after initiation of isotretinoin therapy, and in acne‐free control patients not treated with isotretinoin. Our in vivo study demonstrates a significant increase in the nucleo‐cytoplasmic ratio of non‐phosphorylated FoxO1 and FoxO3 during isotretinoin treatment of acne patients. Translational and presented experimental evidence indicates that upregulation of nuclear FoxO1 and FoxO3 proteins is involved in isotretinoin‐induced pro‐apoptotic signalling in sebocytes confirming the scientific hypothesis of isotretinoin‐mediated upregulation of FoxO expression.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and metabolic syndrome in patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in comparison with those with no AGA, as several previous studies have reported inconsistent results of an association between metabolic syndrome and BPH with AGA.Patients, subjects and methodsThis cross-sectional study included 400 participants, divided into 300 patients diagnosed with AGA, with different grades according to Norwood–Hamilton classification, and 100 control subjects with no AGA. Criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome according to Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria (waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides), as well as criteria for diagnosis of BPH (prostatic volume, urine flow, and prostate-specific antigen) were assessed in all patients and compared with the control subjects.ResultsThere were significant differences between the AGA and no-AGA groups for the following variables: waist circumference, body mass index, fibrinogen level, fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and glycosylated haemoglobin. There was a significant difference in number of patients with AGA manifesting criteria of metabolic syndrome (51% vs 28%), as well as BPH diagnostic criteria (36% vs 6.8%) compared with the control subjects. Both BPH and metabolic syndrome were shown to be significant independent variables associated with AGA.ConclusionsDermatologists, urologists, and primary care physicians should monitor patients with early onset AGA for the development of urinary symptoms, to permit an earlier diagnosis of BPH; and for metabolic syndrome symptoms, to permit early diagnosis of cardiovascular risk factors.

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