Aim:To evaluate the sealing ability of MICRO-MEGA Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Endosequence, Biodentine as furcation repair materials using a dye extraction leakage method.Materials and Methods:Forty mandibular molars were randomly divided according to the material used for perforation repair. Group I- (left unsealed) control, Group II-MICRO-MEGA Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Group III - Endosequence, Group IV - Biodentine. All samples were subjected to orthograde and retrograde methylene blue dye challenge followed by dye extraction with 65% nitric acid. Samples were then analyzed using Ultra violet (UV) Visible Spectrophotometer.Results:Biodentine showed highest dye absorbance, whereas Endosequence showed lowest dye absorbance when compared with other repair materials.Conclusion:Within the limitations of this study, it was observed that Endosequence showed better sealing ability when compared with other root repair materials.

Aim:To compare the bond strength of four different endodontic sealers to root dentin through push-out test design.Materials and Methods:Forty single-rooted teeth with completely formed apices were selected. Teeth were decoronated, and working length was determined. Instrumentation and irrigation were performed. The teeth were divided into four groups based upon the sealer used. Group 1: Bioceramic sealer (Endosequence), Group 2: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) based sealer (MTA Fill apex), Group 3: Epoxy resin based sealer (MM-Seal), and Group 4: Dual cure resin-based sealer (Hybrid Root Seal). Manipulation and application of the sealer was done as per the manufacturer instructions. All the teeth were obturated using 6% gutta-percha. After obturation, each tooth was prepared for push-out test with root slices of 2 mm thickness using universal testing machine.Results:The highest bond strength was found in Group 1 (Endosequence) (P < 0.05) compared to other groups. The lowest bond strength was found in Group 2 (MTA Fill apex). Statistical analysis is done by two-way ANOVA and Newman-Keuls multiple post hoc.Conclusion:The push-out bond strength of Bioceramic sealer was highest followed by resin-based sealer and lowest bond strength was observed in MTA-based sealer.

Aim:This in vitro study evaluated and compared the marginal adaptation of three newer root canal sealers to root dentin.Materials and Methods:Thirty freshly extracted human single-rooted teeth with completely formed apices were taken. Teeth were decoronated, and root canals were instrumented. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10) based upon the sealer used. Group 1 - teeth were obturated with epoxy resin sealer (MM-Seal). Group 2 - teeth were obturated with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) based sealer (MTA Fillapex), Group 3 - teeth were obturated with bioceramic sealer (EndoSequence BC sealer). Later samples were vertically sectioned using hard tissue microtome and marginal adaptation of sealers to root dentin was evaluated under coronal and apical halves using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and marginal gap values were recorded.Results:The data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post hoc test. The highest marginal gap was seen in Group 2 (apical-16680.00 nm, coronal-10796 nm) and the lowest marginal gap was observed in Group 1 (apical-599.42 nm, coronal-522.72 nm). Coronal halves showed superior adaptation compared to apical halves in all the groups under SEM.Conclusion:Within the limitations of this study epoxy resin-based MM-Seal showed good marginal adaptation than other materials tested.

Aim:To analyze the sustained release of intracanal medicaments with or without a carrier and testing their antimicrobial efficacy in root canal against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis.Materials and Methods:A total of 80 single-rooted anterior teeth were selected, root canal preparation was done, and teeth were divided into two halves and contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis, which were further divided into four test groups each according to intracanal medicaments used. Chitosan was used as vehicle for triple antibiotic paste (TAP) and calcium hydroxide and antimicrobial assessment was performed on second and seventh day. Dentine samples were collected after eachResults:All four medicaments used in this study showed antifungal and antibacterial activity. Group II (TAP + chitosan) and Group III (Ca(OH)2 + chitosan) had the higher antifungal and antibacterial activity compared with two other groups.Conclusion:Combination of TAP + chitosan and Ca(OH)2 + chitosan produced better results compared with the combination of medicaments with saline.

Introduction: The importance of the retrograde cavity preparation and the material used to restore is of utmost importance to achieve successful surgical endodontics. Aim:The aim of the present study is to evaluate the apical microleakage of root end cavities filled with Mineral trioxide aggregate, Biodentine and light cure GIC using two different cavity preparation techniques that is conventional bur preparation and ultrasonic tip preparation.

Aim:To evaluate the cytotoxicity of three root repair materials, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Endosequence Root Repair Material and Biodentine in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.Materials and Methods:Periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured from healthy premolar extracted for orthodontic purpose. Cells in the third passage were used in the study. The cultured fibroblast cells were placed in contact with root repair materials: (a) Biodentine, (b) MTA, (c) Endosequence, (d) control. The effects of these three materials on the viability of Periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts were determined by trypan blue dye assay after 24 hours and 48-hour time period. Cell viability was determined using inverted phase contrast microscope.Statistical Analysis:Cell viability was compared for all the experimental groups with Wilcoxons matched pair test.Results:At the 24-hour examination period, all the materials showed increased cell viability. At 48-hour time period, there is slight decrease in cell viability. Mineral trioxide aggregate showed statistically significant increase in the cell viability when compared to other root repair materials.Conclusion:Mineral trioxide aggregate was shown to be less toxic to periodontal ligament fibroblasts than Endosequence Root Repair Material and Biodentine.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of final rinsing solution on smear layer removal through penetrability of the root canal sealer.Materials and Methods:Each of the 30 teeth selected was decoronated and the root length standardized at 16 mm measured from the apex of the tooth to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). A size 10-k file was used and working length was determined by subtracting 1mm from the measured length so that the length of the sample was 15mm. A combination of step back and crown down technique was done and apical portion was prepared till H-file no. 30. 3% NaOCl was used during cleaning and shaping of the canals. Finally the teeth were divided into three groups of 10 teeth each. Group-I was irrigated with 17% EDTA, Group-II with TUBLICID plus, and Group-III with Biopure MTAD®. ISO 30 size gutta-percha points were selected as master cones. The Acroseal sealer was mixed with approximated concentration 0.1% fluorescent rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye. Obturation was done and after 48 hours, the roots were sectioned and subjected to confocal laser scanning microscopy.Results:Comparisons among the three groups were done by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Newman-Keuls multiple post-hoc procedures. The two-way ANOVA showed statistically highly significant results. The maximum depth of sealer penetration was observed in Group II followed by Group III and Group I.Conclusion:The use of -Tubulicid plus as a final irrigant provided better smear layer removal than Biopure a mixture of doxicycline, citric acid and a detergent (Tween 80) (MTAD®) and 17% EDTA.

Introduction:The aim of this study was to investigate the microhardness and microstructural features of newer tricalcium silicate materials: TheraCal LC, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), biodentine (BD), and Endosequence Root Repair Material (ERRM) putty, after exposure to acidic environments in comparison with distilled water.Materials and Methods:A total of 80 extracted single-rooted premolars were collected. All the selected specimens were sectioned vertically, and cavities were prepared on the root surface. Specimens were divided into four groups of 20 each, i.e., Group 1: (n = 15) MTA (ProRoot, Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA), Group 2: (n = 15) BD (Septodont, France), Group 3: (n = 15) ERRM putty (Brasseler, USA), and Group 4: (n = 15) TheraCal LC (Bisco Inc Schaumburg). Materials were placed into prepared cavities. About 10 specimens per each group were exposed to butyric acid buffered at a pH level of 5.5 for 7 days at 37c, and 10 specimens from each group were exposed to distilled water serving as a control group. The surface microhardness was measured after exposure to either acid or distilled water. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the internal microstructure morphology. Two-way analysis of variance was applied to evaluate the Knoop microhardness value (KHN).Results:Results showed that the microhardness values of the materials were significantly higher in the neutral environment of butyric acid at pH 7.4 when compared to those in the acidic condition of pH 5.4 for all groups (P < 0.001). TheraCal LC had higher microhardness values than BD, MTA, ERRM putty at 5.5 pH levels (P < 0.001).Conclusion:The microhardness values of TheraCal LC, BD, ERRM Putty, and MTA were reduced in an acidic environment, which resulted in these materials having more porous and less crystalline microstructures. TheraCal LC seems the most suitable material for application to an area of inflammation where a low pH value may exist.