Background Long‐term follow‐ups after receiving lycopene therapy for management of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) are scarce. The study aimed to assess the long‐term efficacy of lycopene for management of OSMF symptoms. Methods In this prospective clinical study, 400 clinically diagnosed early OSMF patients were assessed for the efficacy of lycopene in alleviation of burning sensation (BS) and reduced mouth opening (MO) symptoms in comparison to placebo. After 1‐year follow‐up, group A (lycopene group) was divided equally into group A1 and group A2. group A1 patients were retreated with lycopene and the A2 group was followed without retreatment. After 2‐year follow‐up, the Group A2 patients were advised retreatment but not followed as most of the patient did not agree for follow‐up. However, group A1 patients were continued to follow‐up every 6 months for a total three years. Statistical analysis was by independent sample t‐test and P‐value <.05 were considered as significant. Results A statistically significant difference (P < .05) in BS and MO was found between group A and B with lycopene showing better results. At one‐year follow‐up, a statistically significant recurrence in the symptoms was found (P < .05) in the lycopene group (group A). After the second intervention, there was a statistically significant difference in the improvement of symptoms between the group A1 and A2 at 6 months and 1 year (P < .05) with group A1 (retreatment) showing better results. Conclusions Treatment with lycopene led to improvement in the symptoms of OSMF in the present study. The results highlight the importance of retreatment of lycopene for its long‐term effect on alleviation the symptoms of OSMF.

Introduction Critical evidence on the therapeutic efficacy of botulinum toxins (BTX) is still lacking for most pain conditions. The aim of this review was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of BTX in the management of temporomandibular myofascial pain. Materials and methods Electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and gray literature were searched for randomized clinical trials until February 2018 to answer a focused question “What is the effectiveness of botulinum toxin in the management of temporomandibular myofascial pain?” Two independent reviewers performed the study selection according to eligibility criteria. Results A total of seven studies that met the eligibility criteria were included. Two studies showed a significant improvement in temporomandibular myofascial pain, and one study showed equal efficacy of BTX in comparison with facial manipulation, while the remaining studies did not report any significant difference between BTX and control group. Due to heterogeneity in the methodology and outcome assessment, a meta‐analysis and recalculation of risk could not be performed. Conclusion Based on our findings, the therapeutic efficacy of BTX was unclear. Randomized controlled trials with better methodological criteria need to be carried out to evaluate the real effectiveness of BTX.

Introduction Shammah is a form of smokeless tobacco commonly used in the Arabian Peninsula. The data on the harmful effects of shammah on oral health, particularly oral malignancies, are scarce. The aim of this review was to explore the association between shammah use and development of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and/or oral cancer. Materials and methods PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and grey literature from January 1990 up to and including April 2018 were searched. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection according to eligibility criteria. Results A total of 10 studies that met the eligibility criteria were included. The odds of developing OPMD and/or oral cancer in relation to shammah use varied, with one study reporting a 39 increased risk (39, 95% CI: 14‐105). The associated increased risk was relatively low among those that have stopped using shammah and ranged from threefold (3.65; 95% CI: 1.40‐9.50) to 12‐fold (12.6; 95% CI: 3.3‐48.2). Conclusion Shammah use seems to increase the risk of development of OPMD and/or oral cancer.

Background Despite much research, there is a lack of a definite protocol or method for documenting oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) site presentation. In this study, we propose a new potential oral mapping (OM) method and evaluated its use in recording OSMF‐affected mucosal sites. Methods Fifty OSMF patients were evaluated by 15 primary care dental practitioners using both, a conventional subjective recording method and a new OM method, to document the degree of involvement of affected oral mucosa with a crossover study design. Mann‐Whitney test (non‐parametric test) was used to make comparison between groups to determine any significant differences between the two identification methods. Wilcoxon tests were used to evaluate any significant differences in the difficulty in identification of two methods. Results There was a low agreement between the two methods used to detect OSMF in affected mucosal surfaces (P‐value < 0.0001). More lesions were identified using the proposed OM method, and less discrepancy was found among dental practitioners. A difference in difficulty of OSMF documentation was found (Wilcoxon z = 3.615, P‐value < 0.001), with the proposed OM method found to be easier. Conclusion The proposed OM method appears to be useful for documentation, can easily be adapted in clinical practice, and effectively administered in clinical research. Additionally, it could be a useful tool to helping to maintain an OSMF database.