The relationship of shammah (Arabian snuff) chewing to the risk of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders

Patil, Shankargouda; Alamir, Abdul Wahab H.; Arakeri, Gururaj; Awan, Kamran Habib; Bhandi, Shilpa; Aljabab, Abdulsalam; Maddur, Nagaraj; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Brennan, Peter A.

doi:10.1111/jop.12850

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Shammah, also known as Arabian snuff, is a form of ST that is used in Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and is strongly associated with oral potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer [12,13]. On the grounds that the tongue is densely populated by a diverse microbial community [14], while it is also the most commonly affected site by oral cancer, including that associated with shammah use [15], the objective of this study was to explore the potential effect of chronic use of shammah, as an example of ST product, on the tongue microbiome in comparison to the tongue microbiome of shammah non-users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tongue microbiome of smokeless tobacco users

et al. 2020

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Background: The possibility that smokeless tobacco may contribute to oral carcinogenesis by influencing the oral microbiome has not been explored. This preliminary cross-sectional study sought to assess the effect of using shammah, a form of smokeless tobacco prevalent in Arabia, on the tongue microbiome. Tongue scarping samples were obtained from 29 shammah users (SU; 27.34 ± 6.9 years) and 23 shammah non-users (SNU; 27.7 ± 7.19 years) and analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V3). Species-level taxonomy assignment of the high-quality, merged reads was obtained using a previously described BLASTn-based algorithm. Downstream analyses were performed with QIIME, LEfSe, and R. Results: A total of 178 species, belonging to 62 genera and 8 phyla were identified. Genera Streptococcus, Leptotrichia, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Haemophilus, Prevotella and Neisseria accounted for more than 60% of the average microbiome. There were no differences between the two groups in species richness and alpha-diversity, but PCoA showed significant separation (P = 0.015, ANOSIM). LEfSe analysis identified 22 species to be differentially abundant between the SU and SNU. However, only 7 species maintained a false discovery rate of ≤0.2 and could cluster the two groups separately: Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 66, Actinomyces meyeri, Streptococcus vestibularis Streptococcus sanguinis and a potentially novel Veillonella species in association with SU, and Oribacterium asaccharolyticum with SNU. Conclusion: These preliminary results indicate that shammah use induces tongue microbiome changes including enrichment of several species with high acetaldehyde production potential, which warrants further investigation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tongue microbiome of smokeless tobacco users

et al. 2020

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“…An African and Middle East based systematic analysis reviewed six studies and found shammah (form of SLT) had higher odds (39 times) of developing oral cancer. 10 Global burden analysis of SLT was performed for 127 countries including India. 11 This study pointed out that South Asian Region (India accounting for 70% of the load) is plagued with SLT pandemic with the highest mortality rate.…”

Section: Recent Literature Updates Smokeless Tobacco and Cancer: Clinical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokeless Tobacco and Its Ill-Effects: Recent Literature Update

Singhavi

Singh

Chaturvedi

2021

Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol

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According to the Global Adult Tobacco Survey part 2 (GATS-2), approximately 200 million adult Indians consume smokeless tobacco (SLT). Circumvention of SLT product ban has been observed. We conducted a review of the literature to summarize the ill effects of tobacco for the articles published from 2019 to 2020. A systematic search of the databases PubMed (2019 onward) and Web of Science (2019 onward), through February 2021 was done. Search yielded 1,061 articles and after excluding articles based on the inclusion criteria, 37 articles were taken in to consideration. The review shows that differential SLT product has specific odds of oral carcinogenesis. Review also indicates the emerging data of cardiovascular risk due to higher use of SLT products along with its known cause of oral cancer. It also cautions about the adverse consequences of pregnancy associated with SLT use.

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“…ST known through different names such as: shammah (ordinary traditional ST), Hot (filter tobacco pouch ready to use sachet), Zarda (quid with smokeless tobacco), and others like toombak or neshoog, these are very popular in Yemen, Southern Saudi Arabia and Sudan [10,11,12,13]. The ST products are major risk factors of oral cancer, where shammah is strongly associated with oral potentially malignant and oral malignant lesions [14,15,16]. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the use of smokeless tobacco and oral cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between the Use of Smokeless Tobacco and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Saeed

Laswar

Ali

2022

Electron. J. Univ. Aden Basic Appl. Sci.

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Smokeless tobacco (ST) is a tobacco product that is used by means other than smoking. Evidence was available that ST products is a known risk factor for oral precancerous and cancers for long, with greater risk for oral cancer than others. The prospective, descriptive study has carried out to evaluate the relationship between the use of smokeless tobacco and oral cancer.Biopsy samples have collected from 60 patients, whose have attended to Al-Gamhouria Teaching Hospital and histo-pathological private labs in Aden using a questionnaire during the period of 12 months. The sections from paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). A section containing the full thickness of the tumors have used for histopathological grading.The prevalence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) lesions showed different grade of differentiation among 60 studied patients cases, the Well differentiation squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC) was the highest percentage (70%). No significant difference noticed in well-differentiated SCCs (WDSCC) between men (36.7%) and women (33.3 %; P < 0.05). The moderate differentiation SCC (MDSCC), and the poor differentiation SCC (PDSCC) represented (20% & 10%) respectively. According to the age of patients, WDSCC, MDSCC and PDSCC highest percentage age group was (51-60) years. Male were predominant in both genders, male to female ratio 1.2: 1. Anatomical sites of all OSCC lesions had analyzed and revealed that tongue was the most prevalent site (33.3%), followed by the buccal mucosa, (23.3%) , floor of mouth (16.7%) , lip (13.3%), Gingiva (8.3%), and the least prevalent site was the hard palate represented (5%) of all cases., the chief etiological factor which we observed, was tobacco, in the form of smoking tobacco used by 75% of the patients followed by smokeless tobacco product users, in form of shamma chewers, (61.7%), and in form of Hot sachet (58.3%), and Zarda users represented 51.7% of cases.Our results indicate that the occurrence of OSCC among studied cases showed different grade of differentiation, age and gender have some relation with the presence of OSCC. and it is high association with risk habits of tobacco use in different forms particularly smokeless tobacco.

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The relationship of shammah (Arabian snuff) chewing to the risk of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Tongue microbiome of smokeless tobacco users

Tongue microbiome of smokeless tobacco users

Smokeless Tobacco and Its Ill-Effects: Recent Literature Update

The Relationship Between the Use of Smokeless Tobacco and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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