A field experiment on sugarcane was carried out during 2012-2013 season at the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Farm, Lucknow (UP), India to assess the effect of weed control methods on growth and development of weeds in sugarcane. The experiment was applied according to the Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD with three replications. Application of weed control methods was made at tiller stage of sugarcane crop (Variety CoSe 92423). All 14 treatments comprising various doses and time of application of sufentrazone alone or in combination with other weed control methods including other herbicides. The results have shown that the weed density and dry matter accumulation were significantly reduced due to different treatments at all the growth stages of the crop in comparison to that of control. Weed growth in terms of weed density was recorded to be the lowest with sulfentrazone (pre-em; 900 g ai/ha) at 60, 90 and 120 Day After Planting. However, the dry matter accumulation by weeds was the lowest with three-hoeing as observed at the same growth stages.

The experiment was perfumed according to (R.C.B.D) in triplet in field belongs to the department of crop sciences, college of Agricultre, university of Diyala, whose soil has a texture of Slity loam during spring season of 2019, to study the effect of addition of three different types of fertilizers to the soil which are Humic acid 300 kg.h-1, Trichoderma 75 kg.h-1 and NPK 200 Kg.h-1 , on the growth and characters of Panicum Maximum cv Mombasa.  Results showed significant superiority of humic acid fertilizer after 40 days of fertilization with regards to the plant height, branches number, leaves number, leaf area, the total yield of green feed and hay yield. In fertilization treatment with tricoderma, the weed after 40 days was outstanding in the characters of the plant height, branches number, leaves number, leaf area, the total yield of green feed and hay yield, treatment with NPK, the cut after 40 days exceeded in the plant height , branches number, leaves  number, leaf area , the total yield of green feed and the hay yield.

A field experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Luchnow, under subtropical Indian conditions during the season 2012-2013 to study the evaluation of phytotoxicity of sulfantrazone 48% f to sugarcane variety CoSe 92423. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments used in the experiment are sulfentrazone PPI 720 g a.i.ha-1, sulfentrazone PPI 1440 g a.i.ha-1, sulfentrazone Pre-em: 3 DAP 720 g a.i.ha-1, sulfentrazone Pre-em: 3 DAP 1440 g a.i.ha-1 and untreated control(weedy). The results showed that sulfentrazone PPI 1440 g ai.ha-1 registered the highest increase of germination (56.9 %) that didn’t differ significantly from other treatments. The dry matter accumulation in weeds was the lowest (7.2, 10.6 and 22.8 g.m-²) in sulfentrazone PPI 1440 a.i.ha-1 treatment achieved highest inhibition proportion of dry matter (90.2, 88.9 and 83.5 % ) at the 60, 90 and 120 DAP respectively. Phytotoxicity was not significantly affected by use of sulfentrazone herbicide. a significant increase in average number of canes by using sulfentrazone PPI 1440 g a.i.ha-1 led to even the highest increase in this attribute at the 90,120,150, 210 and 300 DAP. The use of sulfentrazone PPI 1440 g a.i.ha-1 registered the highest cane yield (84.1 t.ha-1) that was significantly higher to the tune of 44.94 % over control. Addition of sulfentrazone treatments significantly affected sugar yield. Sulfentrazone PPI 1440 g a.i.ha-1 and sulfentrazone Pre-eme 1440 g a.i.ha-1caused highest increase in this character which reached to 13.850 and 13.500 t.ha-1respectively.

Tow experiments were carried out to examine the application of GA3 and potassium fertilizer (K2SO4) to increase grain yield of two varieties of barley (IPA 99 and 9-12). The experiments were conducted during the winter seasons of 2004- 2005 and 2005- 2006 at the experimental farm / Diyala Agriculture Directorate. A split plot design was used in each experiment. The results of the first experiment showed that a significant increase in the number of spikes (312.6 spike / m²) and number of grain (39.0 grain / spike) with recorded increase in grain yield (3.08 ton / ha), the results of the second experiment showed that combination of GA3 + K with IPA 99 variety caused a significant increase in grain yield (4.7 ton / ha) as compared with growth regulator alone (3.74 ton / ha) or potassium fertilizer alone (3.62 ton / ha). A significant increase in the number of spikes (489.0 spikes / m²) and number of grain (42.6 grain / spike) was obtained. As a conclusion, the application of a combination of gibberellins and potassium fertilizer on barley could be used to increase the yield of grain and harvest index. نفذت تجربتان حقليتان في الحقول الزراعية التابعة لمديرية زراعة ديالى (مشتل بعقوبة) على محصول الشعير وللموسمين الشتويين 2004 – 2005 و2005 – 2006 باستخدام منظم النمو الجبريلين GA3 والسماد البوتاسي K2SO4 بهدف زيادة الحاصل الحبوبي لمحصول الشعير. إذ تم تقييم استجابة الصنف إباء 99 والتركيب الوراثي 9-12 من المحصول لمنظم النمو وتحديد الصنف الأكثر استجابة أولا ثم استخدام السماد مع منظم النمو لتحقيق زيادة أعلى في الحاصل الحبوبي للصنف أو التركيب الوراثي الذي حقق استجابة لمنظم النمو في التجربة الأولى. نفذت التجربتان باستخدام تصميم الألواح المنشقة Split Plot Design وبثلاث مكررات. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة في التجربة الأولى تفوق الصنف إباء 99 والتركيب الوراثي 9-12 وبشكل ملحوظ في استجابتها لمنظم النمو في حين حقق الصنف إباء 99 أعلى عدد للسنابل / م2 (312.6 سنبلة / م²) وأعلى عدد للحبوب / سنبلة (39.0 حبة / سنبلة) وانعكس ذلك في تحقيق أعلى حاصل للحبوب (3.08 طن / هكتار) وبزيادة نسبتها 31 %. أما نتائج الدراسة في التجربة الثانية فقد حققت المعاملة إضافة K2SO4 + رش GA3 للصنف إباء 99 أعلى عدد للسنابل / م2 (489.0 سنبلة / م²) وأعلى عدد للحبوب / سنبلة (42.6 حبة / سنبلة)، كما حققت تلك المعاملة أعلى حاصل للحبوب (4.7 طن / هكتار) وبزيادة نسبتها 28.5 % مع تحقيق أعلى دليل حصاد (36.3 %) قياسا باستخدام منظم النمو لوحده أو السماد لوحده الذي حقق حاصل حبوب 3.74 و3.62 طن / هكتار على التوالي. لذا نستنتج من هذه الدراسة اعتماد استعمال سماد K2SO4 + منظم نمو GA3 سوية لمقدرتهما في رفع الحاصل الحبوبي ودليل الحصاد.

A field experiment was carried out in one of the agricultural fields of Muqdadiya region during the season 2022-2023 to study the role of spraying with nanofertilizer called Super Micro Plus at levels (0, 1, 2 and 3) g/L as a first factor and with spraying times (the beginning of the tillering stage, the beginning of the elongation stage, and the beginning of the maturity stage) as a second factor in some growth characteristics and stems yield of sugarcane, variety Cp 89. The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized blocks design with three replications, and the data were analyzed statistically, the results showed the following: 1. The use of nanofertilizer at a level of 2 g/L resulted in a significant increase in the number of total stems, stem height, stem diameter, leaf area and number of green leaves, as they reached 57.8, 160.7 cm, 30.7 mm, 1126.1 cm2/plant and 10.1 leaf/plant respectively. It also caused an increase in the mean of stems yield, reaching 61.5 tons/ha, with an increase of 56.1 %. 2. The spraying of nanofertilizer at the beginning of the tillering stage resulted in a significant increase in the number of total stems, stem diameter, leaf area and number of green leaves, reached to 61.6, 31.8 mm, 1127.9 cm2/plant and 9.9 leaf/plant respectively, and a decrease in the mean of stem height, as it reached to 155 cm. It also caused an increase in the mean of stems yield as it reached 53.6 tons/ha. 3. Spraying the plants with nanofertilizer at the level of 2 g / L at the beginning of the tillering stage resulted in highest increase in the mean number of total stems, stem diameter, leaf area and number of green leaves, reached to 69.4, 33.1 mm, 1187.5 cm2/plant and 11.7 leaves / plant respectively. And a decrease in mean of stem height, as it reached 153 cm. It also achieved the highest significant increase in the mean of stems yield, reached to 66 tons / ha, an increase of 67.5 %.

The low average cotton yield per unit area in Iraq during the long growth season invites us to look for possible means to increase the yield by looking for new ideas in agriculture to improve production. Important results were obtained through two field experiments applied to the cotton crop during the period from January 1 to October 16, 2017, in the new Baquba nursery affiliated to the Directorate of Agriculture in Diyala Governorate within the cotton development project in Iraq. There have been a number of attempts by a number of Iraqi researchers - over the previous years - focused on how to raise the yield of cotton fibers by the unit area and also during the season, especially if there is a desire of farmers to use the same land to planting a winter crop, but we did not see practical achievements in this regard, which led us to use modern ideas to improve crop production and achieve planting winter crop after it. Planting the seeds inside the greenhouse for the purpose of producing seedlings and then transferred to the field on time rather than planting seeds directly in the field, Has had a positive effect on exceeding temperatures unsuitable for seed germination, growth and early access to the first harvest. It was positively reflected in increase hair cotton yield, with an average of 2.24, 2.69 and 2.81 tons. ha−1 for varieties Koker, Lashata and Ashore, compared to the traditional cultivation method, which recorded 0.63, 0.68 and 0.80 tons. h−1, with an increase of 255.6, 295.6 and 251.3% for the three varieties, respectively and the increase in the number of harvesters during the season to four harvesters (July, August, September and October) compared to the traditional method, which registered only three during the season (August, September and October) as well as the possibility of relying on three harvests when planting with the seedling technique (July, August and September) while achieving the cultivation of a winter crop after the cotton crop, such as wheat, to provide sufficient time for soil service operations such as plowing, softening, leveling, weed control and others. We conclude from the current study that use of the transplanting technique has preserved three harvests with a high yield that appeared clearly since the first harvest, as the date of the third harvest was on September 13, and therefore the aim of cultivating a winter crop after cotton has been achieved to provide sufficient time to conduct soil servicing operations for the crop.

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 Abstract: Increase the area allocated for field crops cultivation requires moving from manual agriculture to mechanical farming. of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 km h -1 under actual field conditions in terms of plant spacing, planting depth, and missing plant index. The transplanter precisely plants seedlings into ground. The effect of seedling height on the planting depth was found to be significant. In addition, plant missing percentage increased with increasing of forward speed. optimization of seedling-feeding device for automatic maize transplanter with maize straw seedling-sprouting tray. The aim of this study is development, fabrication and evaluation semi-automatic field crop transplanter. Performance evaluation of the transplanter was carried out for transplanting of 20-25, 25-30, and 30-35 cm corn seedlings at three forward speed levels