Biodiversity loss, degradation of ecosystems and other global concerns emphasize urgent issues in nature conservation. Fungi as an important component of biodiversity need to be protected as much as other living organisms. In the article, two basic strategies in conservation are outlined and recent advances in fungal conservation, both in situ and ex situ, are considered. The key role of mushroom culture collections for ex situ fungal conservation is highlighted. Conservation of species diversity and genetic resources in culture collections provides the essential basis for biotechnological potential. The largest collections of fungi registered in the World Data Center for Microorganisms (WDCM), a unique global network for ex situ preservation of fungal and microbial diversity, are mentioned. Of the existing culture collections of fungi in Ukraine, the IBK and FCKU mushroom culture collections are characterized. A list of the species maintained in the IBK and FCKU collections, evaluated in the European countries against the IUCN criteria and categories and available at the European Council for Conservation of Fungi (ECCF) website as the preliminary European Red List of endangered macrofungi, is provided. A special attention paid in the IBK and FCKU collections to cultures of rare species of fungi, particularly of those listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, as well as the opportunity of the reintroduction into natural habitats are briefly discussed. Some examples of other rare species of fungi from these collections, potential candidates for national red-listing, are presented.
The biodiversity preservation is one of the main missions on present days. Two main trends of biodiversity conservation in-situ and ex-situ are known today. However, use of both these methods is not enough for the protection of rare species of macromycetes. Therefore, we need a new method for protecting the rare species of fungi, which support their vital process in not only the laboratory but also reproducing it in nature. In this article, we propose the use of a new method of preserving the rare species of fungi in nature. The re-situ is a method that provides introducing and support of vital functions of mushroom in nature with the forming of their basidioma. For our research, we used Clathrus archeri (Berk.) Dring, which is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. It was found that the substrate on which the mycelium was grown and subsequently used for natural conditions had a significant influence on the success of‘reinoculation’ of C. archeri. Among all the investigated substrates, only one (beech shavings) proved to be suitable for growing of sowing mycelium of C. archeri. The research showed that the reproduction of C. archeri in nature should be held on non-forest experimental sites, mainly on meadows during the spring months.
The article presents an investigation of the influence of the corona discharge with needle-ring electrode configuration on the efficiency of Aspergillus niger spore germination and Cyathus olla mycelium development. Current-voltage characteristics were measured for different distances between the needle and the metal ring. The plot of the dependence of conductance on voltage was built and the corona discharge breakthrough voltage was determined to be (2.7±0.1) kV. The treatment of Aspergillus niger spores was conducted at different development stages: at the germination stage (corona discharge treatment 1 day after the seeding) and dormant state (corona discharge treatment on the day of seeding). The growth rate of Cyathus olla mycelium in samples treated by corona discharge and in control group samples was investigated. The influence of the corona discharge on the potato dextrose agar growth medium before the seeding of Cyathus olla was studied. The pure cultures were obtained from the Culture Collection of Fungi at Kyiv University (FCKU) at the «Institute of Biology and Medicine» Educational and Scientific Centre of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.
More than 5000 species of Ascomycetes and Agaricales fungi are known nowadays. However, 30 species of them are intensively cultivated and have been used into the agriculture. One of the reasons of a small number of species that can be grown in industrial culture are unclear conditions for the basidiomes formation. Basidiomes and mycelium include various nutritional substances that are used in food, medicine, cosmetics, etc. Recently, the biosynthesis of fungal biologically active substances with immunomodulation, radioprotective, antitumor, antiviral and other properties is under investigation by many scientists. Only 15 % of all products of medical mushrooms are made from extracts of mycelium. Verification of conditions of mushroom cultivation will significantly expand the range of species that could serve as a potential object for biotechnology.29 species of macromycetes from the pure Cultures Collection of Fungi (FCKU) of Educational and Scientific Centre «Institute of Biology and Medicine» Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv were used in our experiment. The initiation basidiomes formation of 29 macromycetes on different substrates in pure culture was studied. The optimal substrate for the studied species was husk of sunflower seeds. Most fungi formed basidiomes on it. If mushrooms did not formed basidiomes on this substrate, they fastest it overgrown or developed primordia or sclerotium-shaped structures. The shaping of the basidiomes, primordia or sclerotia-shaped structures was observed in 28 species. Three of these species were listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (Grifola frondosa, Leucoagaricus barsii, Sparassis crispa) and others rare species for Ukraine (Ceriporia viridans, Hericium cirrhatum, Sarcodontia crocea, Sparassis laminosa).
More than 5000 species of Ascomycetes and Agaricales fungi are known nowadays. However, 30 species of them are intensively cultivated and have been used into the agriculture. One of the reasons of a small number of species that can be grown in industrial culture are unclear conditions for the basidiomes formation. Basidiomes and mycelium include various nutritional substances that are used in food, medicine, cosmetics, etc. Recently, the biosynthesis of fungal biologically active substances with immunomodulation, radioprotective, antitumor, antiviral and other properties is under investigation by many scientists. Only 15 % of all products of medical mushrooms are made from extracts of mycelium. Verification of conditions of mushroom cultivation will significantly expand the range of species that could serve as a potential object for biotechnology.29 species of macromycetes from the pure Cultures Collection of Fungi (FCKU) of Educational and Scientific Centre «Institute of Biology and Medicine» Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv were used in our experiment. The initiation basidiomes formation of 29 macromycetes on different substrates in pure culture was studied. The optimal substrate for the studied species was husk of sunflower seeds. Most fungi formed basidiomes on it. If mushrooms did not formed basidiomes on this substrate, they fastest it overgrown or developed primordia or sclerotium-shaped structures. The shaping of the basidiomes, primordia or sclerotia-shaped structures was observed in 28 species. Three of these species were listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (Grifola frondosa, Leucoagaricus barsii, Sparassis crispa) and others rare species for Ukraine (Ceriporia viridans, Hericium cirrhatum, Sarcodontia crocea, Sparassis laminosa).
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