Досліджено кормовий раціон пташенят і склад нідиколів (мешканців гнізд) мухоловки білошийої (Ficedula albicollis (Temminck, 1815)), завдяки чому проаналізовано аутекологічні особливості птахів та їх специфічну кормову поведінку. Матеріали зібрано у травні-липні 2009-2014 рр. на території Північно-Східної України. Розглянуто функціонування трофоценотичної структури біогеоценозу за участі мухоловки білошийої як гетеротрофного ядра великого автотрофного угрупування. Описано топічні та трофічні зв'язки мухоловки з деревною рослинністю та комахами-фітофагами (листоїди, цикадки, вусачі). У кормовому раціоні пташенят мухоловки переважають представники надкласу Hexapoda (83%): Lepidoptera-16 родин (24%), Hymenoptera-12 родин (23%) та Coleoptera-40 родин (16%). Охарактеризовано трофічні групи членистоногих у консорції мухоловок: фітофаги-33%, зоофаги-45%, паразити, кровососи, сапрофаги-16%, некрофаги-4%, копрофаги, кератофаги. Проаналізовано фауну членистоногих гнізд мухоловки білошийої. Гнізда птахів як гетеротрофний консорцій-місце існування безхребетних 293 таксонів, які належать до членистоногих (надкласу Hexapoda, класів Arachnida, Malacostraca та надкласу Мyriароda), інколи молюски. У трофоценотичній структурі населення гнізд мухоловки білошийої переважають представники Hexapoda (278 видів), де перше місце посідають зоофаги 127 видів, включаючи паразитів, а також таких гематофагів як Culicidae, Tabanidae, Mallophaga, Hippoboscidae, Aphaniptera. На другому місці фітофаги (78 видів), сапрофаги та детритофаги (48 видів), некрофаги (27 видів). Виявлено постійні ектопаразитичні види мухоловок: Ricinus sp. (Mallophaga), Ornithomyia avicularia L. (Diptera), кровосисні личинки Protocalliphora azurea chrysorrhea Mg. (Diptera), Ceratophyllus sp. (Aphaniptera). Охарактеризовано екологічні особливості нідиколів, установлено їх консортивні зв'язки.
The role of the robin, Erithacus rubecula Linnaeus, 1758 as a consort of autotrophic consortia is considered. It has been found that representatives of 9 higher taxa of animals (Mammalia, Aves, Gastropoda, Insecta, Arachnida, Acarina, Malacostraca, Diplopoda, Clitellata) have trophic and topical links with the robin. At the same time, the robin is a consort of determinants of autotrophic consortia, which core is represented mostly by dominating species of deciduous trees (Quercus robur Linnaeus, 1753 (24.6 %), Tilia cordata Miller, 1768 (17.5 %), Acer platanoides Linnaeus, 1753 (22.8 %), Acer campestre Linnaeus, 1753), and also by sedges (Carex sp.) and grasses (Poaceae). The robin also belongs to the concentre of the second and higher orders as a component of forest biogeocenoses and forms a complex trophic system. In the diet of its nestlings, there have been found 717 objects from 32 invertebrate taxa, belonging to the phylums Arthropoda (99.2 %, 31 species) and Annelida (0.8 %, 1 species). The phylum Arthropoda was represented by the most numerous class Insecta (76.9 %), in which 10 orders (Lepidoptera (46.8 %) dominates) and 20 families were recorded, and also by the classes Arachnida (15.0 %), Malacostraca (5.3 %) and Diplopoda (1.9 %). The invertebrate species composition was dominated by representatives of a trophic group of zoophages (14 species; 43.8 %); the portion of phytophages (7 species; 21.9 %), saprophages (18.7 %), and necrophages (15.6 %) was the less. The highest number of food items was represented by phytophages (N = 717; 51 %), followed by zoophages (34 %), saprophages (12 %), and necrophages (3 %). The difference among study areas according to the number of food items and the number of species in the robin nestling diet is shown. In NNP “HF”, the highest number of food items was represented by phytophages - 47 % (N = 443), whereas zoophages were the most species-rich group (43.3 %, 13 species). In NNP “H”, phytophages also prevailed in food items - 62.3 % (N = 164), but the number of phyto-, zoo- and saprophage species was equal (30.8 %, 13 species). In the forest park, zoophages were more frequent - 45.5 % (N = 110), but phytophages were the most species-rich (42.9 %).
Th e role of the robin as a determinant of heterotrophic consortia is considered. Th e robin is a consort of determinants of autotrophic consortia, which core is represented mostly by dominating species of deciduous trees (Quercus robur Linnaeus, 1753, Tilia cordata Miller, 1768, Acer platanoides Linnaeus, 1753, Acer campestre Linnaeus, 1753), and also by sedges (Carex sp.) and grasses (Poaceae), connected with the determinants by fabric links. Th e robin also belongs to the concentr of the second and higher orders as a component of forest biogeocenoses and it is also the main determinant in species composition of the insects inhabiting bird nests. As a result of the taxonomic analysis of invertebrates in the robin nests, it has been found out that the most numerous class was Insecta (9 orders and 27 families), with the dominance of Coleoptera (30.7 %). Th e nidicolous fauna of the robin (38 species) was dominated by zoophages along with parasites and hematophages such as Hippoboscidae (46.4 %). Th e percentage of phytophages and saprophages among the invertebrate nest inhabitants was somewhat less (21 % each), then followed necrophages (12 %). Zoophages and parasites also dominated according to the number of objects in the nests (42 %; n = 150), the less was the portion of phytophages (34 %), saprophages (18 %), and necrophages (6 %). Th e highest number of species and objects of zoophages was recorded for climax and mature biocenoses (oak forests in NNP "HL" and pine cenoses in NNP "H").
The paper studies interspecies physiological and genetic differences between the white-collared flycatcher and the pied flycatcher of the genus Ficedula. The fact that the flycatchers are capable of interspecies hybridization is one more reason for particular interest to these species. Using our own-developed method of taking venous blood from the eye’s sinus, we took blood samples from birds in the protected area of Homilshanski Forests, Kharkiv, Ukraine, to study their leukogram patterns. The bird feathers were also collected for genetic analysis -- to identify interspecies differences with application of the ISSR technique. It was revealed that the percentage of heterophiles in the nestlings of the pied flycatcher was lower than in the nestlings of the white-collared flycatcher. The micronucleus test did not reveal any significant difference in the interspecies groups. The spectra of amplification products obtained with the primer (AGC)6 G showed that the white-collared flycatchers had a more heterogeneous structure. The study of the leukogram, micronucleus test, and the ISSR analysis can be especially effective in the study of intra-species genetic differentiation.
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