This study investigates the relationship between the personality type and cognitive-metacognitive strategies utilized by test-takers in reading comprehension tests. One hundred undergraduate Iranian English Foreign Learning (EFL) students participated in a reading comprehension test followed by a questionnaire and the Myers & Briggs Type Inventory. The questionnaire consisted of 30 cognitive-metacognitive items (Phakiti, 2003). These questions inquired about the thought process that occurred while completing the test. The 93-item Myers-Brigs Type Indicator (MBTI) questionnaire is a tool that provides individuals with a personality type. The study employed a quantitative data analysis where the input data was analyzed in two ways. First, descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample characteristics, and then a two-way ANOVA was calculated to obtain a general view of the relationship between the variables. The data analysis resulted in the identification of 14 personality types along with three groups of readers distinguished by their reading comprehension test scores as highly successful, moderately successful, or unsuccessful. However, the results suggested that there were no significant relationships between personality types of test-takers and the cognitive-metacognitive strategies utilized during a reading comprehension test. Using a 90 percent Confidence Interval (CI), there was meaningful interaction between the personality traits (Extroversion/Introversion and Judging/Perceiving) of Iranian EFL test-takers and their use of cognitive-metacognitive strategies.
This paper compares and contrasts the hedge strategies through derivative instruments by Indian and USA corporate houses. The derivative instruments have little predictive power in explaining corporate hedging strategies both in the USA and Indian firms. The purpose of the study is to provide a setting where reconciling conflicting results from the literature may be appropriate and to compare different hedge strategies in a specific period in two different countries (USA and India). The evidence based on multivariate empirical relations between hedging in American firms and firm's characteristics fails to provide any support for any of the tested hypotheses except for profitability represented by dividend yield. We conclude that the relationship between hedging and dividend yield in the proposed model is negative. The same analysis conducted for Indian companies has shown that there is no statistically significant explanatory variable for hedging; therefore, it is not dependent on any of the predicted theories of hedging. On the other hand, we find some significant relationships between firms' characteristics. Large Indian firms use internal hedge strategies rather than market strategies, such as derivatives. The derivative market development then could play a major role in terms of risk management of firms across countries.
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